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数字电子技术（第十版）（英文版）

作译者：余璆

出版时间：2011-10 千字数：0 版次：01-01 页数：576

开本：16(185*260) 装帧： I S B N ：9787121132575

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内容简介

前言

上架建议

作者简介

编辑推荐

音视频专区

CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introductory Concepts  1
1–1 Digital and Analog Quantities  1
1–2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms  3
1–3 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits  8

Chapter 2 Number Systems, Operations, and Codes  16
2–1 Decimal Numbers  16
2–2 Binary Numbers  17
2–3 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion  20
2–4 Binary Arithmetic  22
2–5 1’s and 2’s Complements of Binary Numbers  26
2–6 Signed Numbers  27
2–7 Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers  33
2–8 Hexadecimal Numbers  39
2–9 Octal Numbers  45
2–10 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)  47
2–11 Digital Codes  50
2–12 Error Detection Codes  52

Chapter 3 Logic Gates  66
3–1 The Inverter  66
3–2 The AND Gate  68
3–3 The OR Gate  75
3–4 The NAND Gate  79
3–5 The NOR Gate  83
3–6 The Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR Gates  87
3–7 Fixed-Function Logic  90

Chapter 4 Boolean Algebra and Logic Simplification  110
4–1 Boolean Operations and Expressions  110
4–2 Laws and Rules of Boolean Algebra  111
4–3 DeMorgan’s Theorems  116
4–4 Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits  119
4–5 Simplification Using Boolean Algebra  122
4–6 Standard Forms of Boolean Expressions  125
4–7 Boolean Expressions and Truth Tables  131
4–8 The Karnaugh Map  135
4–9 Karnaugh Map SOP Minimization  137
4–10 Five-Variable Karnaugh Maps  147
System Application Activity  149

Chapter 5 Combinational Logic Analysis  163
5–1 Basic Combinational Logic Circuits  163
5–2 Implementing Combinational Logic  168
5–3 The Universal Property of NAND and NOR Gates  173
5–4 Combinational Logic Using NAND and NOR Gates  175
5–5 Logic Circuit Operation with Pulse Waveform Inputs  180
System Application Activity  183

Chapter 6 Functions of Combinational Logic  197
6–1 Basic Adders  197
6–2 Parallel Binary Adders  200
6–3 Ripple Carry Versus took-Ahead Adders  206
6–4 Comparators  210
6–5 Decoders  213
6–6 Encoders  221
6–7 Code Converters  225
6–8 Multiplexers (Data Selectors)  228
6–9 Demultiplexers  236
6–10 Parity Generators/Checkers  237
System Application Activity  240

Chapter 7 Latches, Flip-Flops, and Timers  260
7–1 Latches  260
7–2 Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops  266
7–3 Flip-Flops Operating Characteristics  277
7–4 Flip-Flops Applications  279
7–5 One-Shots  283
7–6 The Astable Multivibrator  291
System Application Activity  294

Chapter 8 Counters  308
8–1 Asynchronous Counters  308
8–2 Synchronous Counters  316
8–3 Up/Down Synchronous Counters  322
8–4 Design of Synchronous Counters  326
8–5 Cascaded Counters  335
8–6 Counter Decoding  338
8–7 Counter Applications  342
8–8 Logic Symbols with Dependency Notation  346
System Application Activity  348

Chapter 9 Shift Registers  363
9–1 Basic Shift Register Operations  363
9–2 Serial In/Serial Out Shift Registers  364
9–3 Serial In/Parallel Out Shift Registers  368
9–4 Parallel In/Serial Out Shift Registers  370
9–5 Parallel In/Parallel Out Shift Registers  374
9–6 Bidirectional Shift Registers  375
9–7 Shift Register Counters  378
9–8 Shift Register Applications  381
9–9 Logic Symbols with Dependency Notation  389
System Application Activity  390

Chapter 10 Memory and Storage  402
10–1 Memory Basics  402
10–2 The Random-Access Memory (RAM)  406
10–3 The Read-Only Memory (RAM)  419
10–4 Programmable ROMs  423
10–5 The Flash Memory  426
10–6 Memory Expamsion  430
10–7 Special Types of Memories  436
10–8 Magnetic and Optical Storage  441
System Application Activity  447

Chapter 11 Signal Interfacing and Processing  458
11–1 Converting Analog Signals to Ditital  458
11–2 Analog-to-Digital Conversion Methods  464
11–3 Digital-to-Analog Conversion Methods  475
11–4 Digital Signal Processing Basics  483

Chapter 12 Integrated Circuit Technologies  491
12–1 Basic Operational Characteristics and Parameters  491
12–2 CMOS Circuits  498
12–3 TTL (Bipolar) Circuits  503
12–4 Practical Considerations in the Use of TTL.  508
12–5 Comparison of CMOS and TTL Performance  515
12–6 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) Circuits  516
12–7 PMOS, NMOS, and E2CMOS  518

Appendix A Karnaugh Map POS Minimization  529

Appendix B The Quine-McCluskey Method  533

Appendix C NI Multisim for Circuit Simulation  536

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems  541

Chapter 1  INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS

1–1 DIGITAL AND ANALOG QUANTITIES
An analog* quantity is one having continuous values. A digital quantity is one having a discrete set of values. Most things that can be measured quantitatively occur in nature in analog form. For example, the air temperature changes over a continuous range of values. During a given day, the temperature does not go from, say, 70° to 71° instantaneously; it takes on all the infinite values in between. If you graphed the temperature on a typical summer day, you would have a smooth, continuous curve similar to the curve in Figure 1–1. Other examples of analog quantities are time, pressure, distance, and sound.
Rather than graphing the temperature on a continuous basis, suppose you just take a temperature reading every hour. Now you have sampled values representing the temperature at discrete points in time (every hour) over a 24-hour period, as indicated in Figure 1–2. You have effectively converted an analog quantity to a form that can now be digitized by representing each sampled value by a digital code. It is important to realize that Figure 1–2 itself is not the digital representation of the analog quantity.

The Digital Advantage  Digital representation has certain advantages over analog representation in electronics applications. For one thing, digital data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and reliably than analog data. Also, digital data has a great advantage when storage is necessary. For example, music when converted to digital form can be stored more compactly and reproduced with greater accuracy and clarity than is possible when it is in analog form. Noise (unwanted voltage fluctuations) does not affect digital data nearly as much as it does analog signals.

An Analog Electronic System
A public address system, used to amplify sound so that it can be heard by a large audience, is one simple example of an application of analog electronics. The basic diagram in Figure 1–3 illustrates that sound waves, which are analog in nature, are picked up by a microphone and converted to a small analog voltage called the audio signal. This voltage varies continuously as the volume and frequency of the sound changes and is applied to the input of a linear amplifier. The output of the amplifier, which is an increased reproduction of input voltage, goes to the speaker(s). The speaker changes the amplified audio signal back to sound waves that have a much greater volume than the original sound waves picked up by the microphone.

A System Using Digital and Analog Methods
The compact disk (CD) player is an example of a system in which both digital and analog circuits are used. The simplified block diagram in Figure 1–4 illustrates the basic principle. Music in digital form is stored on the compact disk. A laser diode optical system picks up the digital data from the rotating disk and transfers it to the digital-toanalog converter (DAC). The DAC changes the digital data into an analog signal that is an electrical reproduction of the original music. This signal is amplified and sent to the speaker for you to enjoy. When the music was originally recorded on the CD, a process, essentially the reverse of the one described here, using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) was used.

1–2 BINARY DIGITS, LOGIC LEVELS, AND DIGITAL WAVEFORMS
Binary Digits
Each of the two digits in the binary system, 1 and 0, is called a bit, which is a contraction of the words binary digit. In digital circuits, two different voltage levels are used to represent the two bits. Generally, 1 is represented by the higher voltage, which we will refer to as a HIGH, and a 0 is represented by the lower voltage level, which we will refer to as a LOW. This is called positive logic and will be used throughout the book. 
HIGH = 1 and LOW = 0
Another system in which a 1 is represented by a LOW and a 0 is represented by a HIGH is called negative logic.
Groups of bits (combinations of 1s and 0s), called codes, are used to represent numbers, letters, symbols, instructions, and anything else required in a given application.

Logic Levels
The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called logic levels. Ideally, one voltage level represents a HIGH and another voltage level represents a LOW. In a practical digital circuit, however, a HIGH can be any voltage between a specified minimum value and a specified maximum value. Likewise, a LOW can be any voltage between a specified minimum and a specified maximum. There can be no overlap between the accepted range of HIGH levels and the accepted range of LOW levels.
Figure 1–5 illustrates the general range of LOWs and HIGHs for a digital circuit. The variable VH(max) represents the maximum HIGH voltage value, and VH(min) represents the minimum HIGH voltage value. The maximum LOW voltage value is represented by VL(max), and the minimum LOW voltage value is represented by VL(min). The voltage values between VL(max) and VH(min) are unacceptable for proper operation. A voltage in the unacceptable range can appear as either a HIGH or a LOW to a given circuit. For example, the HIGH input values for a certain type of digital circuit technology called CMOS may range from 2 V to 3.3 V and the LOW input values may range from 0 V to 0.8 V. If a voltage of 2.5 V is applied, the circuit will accept it as a HIGH or binary 1. If a voltage of 0.5 V is applied, the circuit will accept it as a LOW or binary 0. For this type of circuit, voltages between 0.8 V and 2 V are unacceptable.

Digital Waveforms
Digital waveforms consist of voltage levels that are changing back and forth between the HIGH and LOW levels or states. Figure 1–6(a) shows that a single positive-going pulse is generated when the voltage (or current) goes from its normally LOW level to its HIGH level and then back to its LOW level. The negative-going pulse in Figure 1–6(b) is generated when the voltage goes from its normally HIGH level to its LOW level and back to its HIGH level. A digital waveform is made up of a series of pulses.

The Pulse As indicated in Figure 1–6, a pulse has two edges: a leading edge that occurs first at time t0 and a trailing edge that occurs last at time t1. For a positive-going pulse, the leading edge is a rising edge, and the trailing edge is a falling edge. The pulses in Figure 1–6 are ideal because the rising and falling edges are assumed to change in zero time (instantaneously). In practice, these transitions never occur instantaneously, although for most digital work you can assume ideal pulses.
Figure 1–7 shows a nonideal pulse. In reality, all pulses exhibit some or all of these characteristics. The overshoot and ringing are sometimes produced by stray inductive and capacitive effects. The droop can be caused by stray capacitive and circuit resistance, forming an RC circuit with a low time constant.
The time required for a pulse to go from its LOW level to its HIGH level is called the rise time (tr), and the time required for the transition from the HIGH level to the LOW level is called the fall time (tf). In practice, it is common to measure rise time from 10% of the pulse amplitude (height from baseline) to 90% of the pulse amplitude and to measure the fall time from 90% to 10% of the pulse amplitude, as indicated in Figure 1–7. The bottom 10% and the top 10% of the pulse are not included in the rise and fall times because of the nonlinearities in the waveform in these areas. The pulse width (tW) is a measure of the duration of the pulse and is often defined as the time interval between the 50% points on the rising and falling edges, as indicated in Figure 1–7.

Waveform Characteristics  Most waveforms encountered in digital systems are composed of series of pulses, sometimes called pulse trains, and can be classified as either periodic or nonperiodic. A periodic pulse waveform is one that repeats itself at a fixed interval, called a period (T). The frequency (f ) is the rate at which it repeats itself and is measured in hertz (Hz). A nonperiodic pulse waveform, of course, does not repeat itself at fixed intervals and may be composed of pulses of randomly differing pulse widths and/or randomly differing time intervals between the pulses. An example of each type is shown in Figure 1–8.
The frequency ( f ) of a pulse (digital) waveform is the reciprocal of the period. The relationship between frequency and period is expressed as follows:

An important characteristic of a periodic digital waveform is its duty cycle, which is the ratio of the pulse width (tW) to the period (T). It can be expressed as a percentage.

A Digital Waveform Carries Binary Information
Binary information that is handled by digital systems appears as waveforms that represent sequences of bits. When the waveform is HIGH, a binary 1 is present; when the waveform is LOW, a binary 0 is present. Each bit in a sequence occupies a defined time interval called a bit time.
The Clock  In digital systems, all waveforms are synchronized with a basic timing waveform called the clock. The clock is a periodic waveform in which each interval between pulses (the period) equals the time for one bit.
An example of a clock waveform is shown in Figure 1–10. Notice that, in this case, each change in level of waveform A occurs at the leading edge of the clock waveform. In other cases, level changes occur at the trailing edge of the clock. During each bit time of the clock, waveform A is either HIGH or LOW. These HIGHs and LOWs represent a sequence of bits as indicated. A group of several bits can be used as a piece of binary information, such as a number or a letter. The clock waveform itself does not carry information.

Timing Diagrams  A timing diagram is a graph of digital waveforms showing the actual time relationship of two or more waveforms and how each waveform changes in relation to the others. By looking at a timing diagram, you can determine the states (HIGH or LOW) of all the waveforms at any specified point in time and the exact time that a waveform changes state relative to the other waveforms. Figure 1–11 is an example of a timing diagram made up of four waveforms. From this timing diagram you can see, for example, that the three waveforms A, B, and C are HIGH only during bit time 7 (shaded area) and they all change back LOW at the end of bit time 7.

Data Transfer
Data refers to groups of bits that convey some type of information. Binary data, which are represented by digital waveforms, must be transferred from one circuit to another within a digital system or from one system to another in order to accomplish a given purpose. For example, numbers stored in binary form in the memory of a computer must be transferred to the computer’s central processing unit in order to be added. The sum of the addition must then be transferred to a monitor for display and/or transferred back to the memory. In computer systems, as illustrated in Figure 1–12, binary data are transferred in two ways: serial and parallel.
When bits are transferred in serial form from one point to another, they are sent one bit at a time along a single line, as illustrated in Figure 1–12(a) for the case of a computer-tomodem transfer. During the time interval from t0 to t1, the first bit is transferred. During the time interval from t1 to t2, the second bit is transferred, and so on. To transfer eight bits in series, it takes eight time intervals.
When bits are transferred in parallel form, all the bits in a group are sent out on separate lines at the same time. There is one line for each bit, as shown in Figure 1–12(b) for the example of eight bits being transferred from a computer to a printer. To transfer eight bits in parallel, it takes one time interval compared to eight time intervals for the serial transfer. To summarize, an advantage of serial transfer of binary data is that a minimum of only one line is required. In parallel transfer, a number of lines equal to the number of bits to be transferred at one time is required. A disadvantage of serial transfer is that it takes longer to transfer a given number of bits than with parallel transfer at the same clock frequency. For example, if one bit can be transferred in 1 us, then it takes 8 us to serially transfer eight bits but only 1 us to parallel transfer eight bits. A disadvantage of parallel transfer is that it takes more lines than serial transfer.

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