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本书是将国家治理能力的现代化进程与大数据结合起来，探索以大数据为基础的提升国家治理能力现代化的方案，通过借鉴大数据推动政府治理的国际经验，更好地以大数据推动政府治理能力现代化、以大数据提高政府宏观决策效率和质量、以大数据完善官方经济统计指标、以大数据加快我国新型城镇化建设、以大数据推进对外经济合作、以大数据增强国家安全的保护工作，切实落实我国的"大数据战略”。本书共分为八章，分别从大数据与政府治理、大数据与经济决策、大数据与统计融合、大数据与城市发展、大数据与对外贸易、大数据与国家安全等方面论述大数据在推进国家治理现代化方面的作用。

目 录
第1 章 概述 ········································································································· 1
1.1 本书选题缘由和意义 ·············································································· 2
1.2 本书逻辑框架 ························································································· 4
1.3 本书主要研究发现 ·················································································· 5
应 用 篇
第2 章 大数据与国家治理的国际经验 ····························································· 12
2.1 美国 ······································································································· 12
2.2 欧盟及其成员国 ···················································································· 20
2.2.1 欧盟 ···························································································· 20
2.2.2 欧盟成员国 ················································································ 27
2.3 俄罗斯 ··································································································· 31
2.4 其他国家 ······························································································· 37
2.4.1 日本 ···························································································· 37
2.4.2 韩国 ···························································································· 39
2.4.3 新加坡 ························································································ 42
2.4.4 澳大利亚 ···················································································· 43
第3 章 大数据与政府治理 ················································································ 45
3.1 以大数据应用提高政府决策科学化和智能化水平 ································· 46
3.1.1 大数据有助于提升决策的智能化水平 ····································· 46
??大数据与国家治理
·VIII·
3.1.2 大数据有助于提高决策质量 ····················································· 47
3.1.3 大数据促使协同决策更加便利 ················································· 48
3.1.4 大数据有利于提高政府决策效率 ············································· 49
3.2 以大数据应用推进政府简政放权 ························································ 50
3.2.1 大数据战略思维推进政府简政放权 ········································· 50
3.2.2 大数据应用推进政府阳光执政 ················································· 51
3.2.3 大数据应用可以有效推进政府机构间的信息共享 ·················· 52
3.3 以大数据应用更好地提供公共服务和保障民生 ································· 53
3.3.1 通过大力推进数据开放促进创新应用 ····································· 53
3.3.2 通过信息设施建设、改善基础公共服务 ································· 54
3.3.3 通过智能化应用有效保障公共安全 ········································· 55
3.4 结论与建议 ··························································································· 55
第4 章 大数据与经济治理 ················································································ 58
4.1 决策与数据息息相关 ············································································ 58
4.1.1 数据、信息与决策 ···································································· 58
4.1.2 数据对政府决策的影响 ····························································· 60
4.1.3 党历来重视数据支撑决策 ························································· 65
4.2 经济决策对数据的需求 ········································································ 66
4.2.1 国际数据与国内数据 ································································ 67
4.2.2 宏观数据与微观数据 ································································ 68
4.2.3 历史数据与当前数据 ································································ 70
4.2.4 传统统计数据与新时代大数据 ················································· 72
4.3 大数据时代经济决策新高度 ································································ 73
4.3.1 大数据提高经济决策精准性 ····················································· 74
4.3.2 大数据提高经济决策前瞻性 ····················································· 75
4.3.3 大数据提高经济决策实战性 ····················································· 76
4.3.4 大数据提高机构及决策实效性 ················································· 76
第5 章 大数据与金融治理 ················································································ 77
5.1 大数据推进金融治理的国际经验 ························································ 77
5.1.1 大数据成为金融治理的战略资源 ············································· 77
目 录??
·IX·
5.1.2 世界各国纷纷进行大数据金融战略布局 ································· 79
5.2 我国金融业在大数据背景下面临的挑战和障碍 ································· 81
5.3 大数据应用推进金融治理的重要作用 ················································· 84
5.4 大数据推进金融治理的路径分析 ························································ 87
5.5 大数据推进金融治理的政策建议 ························································ 88
第6 章 大数据与新型城镇化 ············································································ 92
6.1 农民工进城安居问题 ············································································ 93
6.1.1 农民工进城居住现状 ······························································· 94
6.1.2 农民工进城安居难主要原因 ····················································· 95
6.2 城镇居民住房问题 ················································································ 97
6.2.1 住房需求量大，城镇房源紧缺 ················································· 97
6.2.2 房价高速增长，住房自有率低 ················································· 97
6.2.3 人均面积差距大，居住环境不佳 ············································· 98
6.3 政府应用房地产大数据的背景 ···························································· 98
6.3.1 打造智慧城市，推进新型城镇化 ············································· 99
6.3.2 精细化调控需要大数据支持 ··················································· 100
6.3.3 房地产基础数据已部分具备大数据特征 ······························· 100
6.3.4 大数据助力房地产的经济社会功能发挥 ······························· 101
6.4 政府应用房地产大数据面临的问题 ··················································· 102
6.5 房地产大数据辅助宏观决策的对策与应用 ······································· 103
第7 章 大数据与统计融合 ·············································································· 106
7.1 大数据时代官方统计面临的挑战 ······················································ 106
7.2 大数据时代官方统计面临的机遇 ······················································ 108
7.3 官方统计应与大数据融合发展 ·························································· 110
7.4 大数据时代的非传统经济指标 ·························································· 113
7.4.1 国际常用的经济新指标 ··························································· 113
7.4.2 我国常用的经济新指标 ··························································· 120
第8 章 大数据与民生保障 ·············································································· 125
8.1 我国民生大数据整合开放的重要意义 ··············································· 125
8.1.1 大数据和智慧城市 ·································································· 125
??大数据与国家治理
·X·
8.1.2 大数据和城乡治理 ·································································· 126
8.1.3 大数据和公共服务 ·································································· 127
8.2 大数据在民生保障方面的应用 ·························································· 127
8.2.1 大数据和公共医疗卫生 ··························································· 128
8.2.2 大数据和公共交通 ·································································· 129
8.2.3 大数据和教育 ·········································································· 130
8.2.4 大数据和公共安全 ·································································· 130
8.2.5 大数据和社会保障 ·································································· 131
8.3 我国民生大数据整合开放以来取得的成效 和存在的不足 ·············· 131
8.3.1 我国民生大数据整合开放以来取得的成效 ···························· 131
8.3.2 我国民生大数据整合开放以来存在的不足 ···························· 132
8.4 民生保障建设对数据的要求 ······························································ 134
8.4.1 我国民生保障建设需要的三方面数据 ··································· 134
8.4.2 民生保障建设对数据的四个要求 ··········································· 135
8.5 大数据服务于民生保障的有关建议 ··················································· 136
战 略 篇
第9 章 大数据产业发展战略 ·········································································· 140
9.1 典型国家和地区大数据产业发展特点和趋势 ··································· 140
9.2 我国大数据产业发展现状 ·································································· 144
9.3 我国大数据产业发展面临的瓶颈和问题 ··········································· 147
9.4 构建大数据产业发展战略的对策 ······················································ 151
第10 章 我国大数据人才发展战略 ································································ 157
10.1 我国大数据人才发展现状 ································································ 158
10.2 我国大数据人才发展存在的问题 ····················································· 161
10.2.1 人才总量及结构问题 ····························································· 161
10.2.2 大数据人才管理存在的问题 ················································· 163
10.3 构建我国大数据人才战略体系 ························································ 164
10.3.1 政府层面 ················································································ 164
10.3.2 企业层面 ················································································ 167
目 录??
·XI·
第11 章 数据开放共享战略 ············································································ 169
11.1 数据开放共享的政策背景 ································································ 169
11.2 国际政府数据开放特点 ···································································· 171
11.3 我国政府数据开放面临的挑战 ························································· 173
11.4 我国政府数据开放的主要方向 ························································· 176
11.5 推进我国政府数据有序开放的保障措施 ········································· 178
第12 章 大数据与国家安全战略 ···································································· 181
12.1 大数据与政治安全 ············································································ 183
12.2 大数据与国土安全 ············································································ 184
12.3 大数据与军事安全 ············································································ 185
12.4 大数据与经济安全 ············································································ 186
12.5 大数据与文化安全 ············································································ 187
12.6 大数据与社会安全 ············································································ 187
12.7 大数据与科技安全 ············································································ 188
12.8 大数据与生态资源等其他安全 ························································ 189
参考文献 ············································································································· 191

前 言
党的十八届三中全会提出，我国全面深化改革的总目标是完善和发展中
国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。国家治理体系
和治理能力，是一个国家的制度和制度执行力的集中体现。健全的治理体系、
高超的治理能力，是国家有序运行、健康发展的基本条件，也是人民安居乐
业、社会安定有序、国家长治久安的重要保障。要实现国家治理体系和治理
能力现代化，对于我国长期以来的传统治理模式是一个新的挑战，我们必须
吸收和利用一切优秀治理经验和治理技术。大数据作为一种新型的治理资
源，其数据体量大、种类多、流动速度快，为国家治理体系和治理能力现代
化提供了新的发展渠道。首先，大数据能够更准确、更全面、更及时地反映
社会客观现实和公众需求。大数据来源于数据管理系统的存储数据，网络和
移动终端的用户原创数据，以及传感器的自动生成数据，记录了社会事件的
发生和发展，体现了社会各类主体对社会管理和社会问题的反应与互动，为
社会治理提供了更加真实、全面、及时的客观事实和民情民意。其次，大数
据注重占有和分析数据的整体而不是局部，注重分析数据之间的相关关系而
不是因果关系，避免了传统依据抽样样本数据而带来的分析结果的片面性，
使国家治理主体更加客观地捕捉现状和预测未来，提高了决策的科学性。最
后，大数据注重数据开放，通过数据的公开，一方面，促进了社会治理的公
开透明，强化了社会监督；另一方面，为社会组织和个人挖掘数据价值、调
节自身行为、进行协调配合和参与社会管理提供了极大的便利，提高了国家
治理的共同参与和治理效能。
??大数据与国家治理
·IV·
大数据在提升国家治理能力中拥有“四新四大”的地位，其中“四新”
是指大数据是新资源、新动能、新思维和新手段，“四大”是指大数据将有
利于促进大创新，释放大红利，带动大产业，实现大转型。“四新”的定位
肯定了大数据存在的重要意义。新资源，数据已成为与物质、能源同等重
要的国家基础性战略资源，正对全球生产、流通、分配、消费活动产生重
要影响；新动能，数据是经济发展新动能，大数据产业发展规模不断扩大，
研究机构预测，未来5 年全球大数据市场将保持31.7%的年复合增长率，中
国大数据市场的年复合增长率将高达51.4%。大数据产业日益成为战略性新
兴产业的制高点，成为新的经济增长点；新思维，大数据可以促进体制机
制创新、管理方式创新、服务模式创新、商业模式创新等各个方面的创新，
带动企业、行业、地区、国家协同创新；新手段，实现“用数据说话、用
数据决策、用数据管理、用数据创新”的科学决策，为治理提供新的治理
方式。“四大”的定位肯定了大数据在推动我国改革和发展中的重要作用。
促进大创新，拓展创新发展新空间，提供创新发展新动力；释放大红利，
人口红利逐渐消失，数据红利正在释放，数据流引领技术流、物质流、资
金流、人才流，数据要素驱动的社会发展；带动大产业，除了大数据本身
产业发展，还要与其他产业融合发展，驱动传统产业升级发展；实现大转
型，产业结构转型、治理体系转型、政府职能转型、政民关系转型同时进
行，完成我国现阶段的改革任务。
本书为国家社科基金重大项目“大数据国家战略研究”（批准号：
14＆ZDA089）的成果之一。以《大数据与国家治理》为本书的题目，是基于
国内外经济科技的发展需要、国家对大数据战略的定位而拟定的。在拉动效
应下，大数据发展必然在促进经济发展、治理体系提升、激发大数据活力等
关键方面大有作为。
本书从总体上分为两大部分：应用篇和战略篇。其中应用篇从政府治理、
经济治理、统计融合、新型城镇化、金融治理和民生保障六个角度阐述了大
数据在国家治理中的具体应用方向；战略篇从数据开放共享战略、大数据产
业发展战略、大数据人才发展战略、大数据与国家安全战略四个方面为我国
的大数据发展布局。

大数据，政府管理

吕欣，博士，国家信息中心处长、研究员，主要从事信息政策、网络空间战略、网络安全评价等领域问题研究。2005年于中国科学院大学（原中国科学院研究生院）获得工学博士学位，2006-2008年在国家信息中心从事管理学博士后研究。目前为促进大数据发展部际联席会议办公室秘书处推进组组长、国家信息中心安全大数据开发与治理中心秘书长、国家信息中心时空大数据研究中心秘书长、《信息安全研究》副主编。曾主持承担国家社科基金青年项目，国家社科基金重大项目，中国博士后科学基金面向项目、特别资助项目等多项国家级课题，完成省部级委托研究及咨询项目二十多项。

入选2020年主题出版重点出版物 2020

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