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人因工程（英文版）

作译者：钮建伟

出版时间：2021-03 千字数：442 版次：01-01 页数：276

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121407734

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内容简介

前言

上架建议

作者简介

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目    录
Chapter 1  Introduction to Human Factors	1
1.1  What is Human Factors	2
1.1.1  Concept of Human Factors	2
1.1.2  Domain of Human Factors	7
1.2  Goals of Human Factors	11
1.3  History of Human Factors	14
1.3.1  The Origin and Development of Human Factors	14
1.3.2  The Development of Human Factors in China	18
1.4  Areas of Ergonomics Research and Practice	20
1.4.1  Research Content	20
1.4.2  Application Areas	24
References	26
Chapter 2  Methods in Human Factors	27
2.1  Taxonomy	28
2.2  Descriptive Method	30
2.2.1  Scenario	30
2.2.2  Variable	31
2.2.3  Subjects	31
2.2.4  Data Collection ＆ Analysis	32
2.3  Experimental Method	35
2.3.1  Scenario	35
2.3.2  Variable	36
2.3.3  Subjects	37
2.3.4  Data Collection ＆ Analysis	37
2.4  Evaluation Method	40
2.4.1  Scenario	40
2.4.2  Variable	41
2.4.3  Subjects	42
2.4.4  Data Collection ＆ Analysis	42
References	46
Chapter 3  Anthropometry	47
3.1  What is Anthropometry	48
3.2  Terminology	51
3.2.1  Basic Posture	51
3.2.2  Measurement Plane	53
3.3  How Dimensions Measured, Collected ＆ Processed	55
3.3.1  Conventional Methods	55
3.3.2  Three Dimensional (3D) Anthropometry	56
3.4  Applications	62
3.4.1  Digital Human Modeling and Simulation	62
3.4.2  Product Design for Special Population	68
3.4.3  Crowd Simulation	71
3.4.4  Virtual Try-on	73
3.5  International Anthropometric Standards	75
References	77
Chapter 4  Physiology	78
4.1  Structure of Muscles	79
4.2  Energy Production	83
4.2.1  Energy Supply	83
4.2.2  Classification of Energy Metabolism	85
4.3  Circulatory ＆ Respiratory System	87
4.3.1  The Circulatory System	87
4.3.2  The Respiratory System	89
4.3.3  The Connection between the Respiratory System and Circulatory System	91
4.4  Energy Expenditure	93
4.5.1  Physical Work Capacity ＆ Energy Expenditure Limits	97
4.5.2  How to Measure Energy Expenditure	97
References	101
Chapter 5  Fatigue ＆ Musculoskeletal Disorders	102
5.1   Definition	103
5.1.1  Fatigue	103
5.1.2  Musculoskeletal Disorders	107
5.2  Types	108
5.3  Factors	111
5.3.1  Physical Factors	111
5.3.2  Organizational Factors, Psychosocial Factors and Individual Factors	113
5.4  Recovery	114
5.5  Case Study	116
References	117
Chapter 6  Occupational Biomechanics	119
6.1  Biomechanics ＆ Occupational Biomechanics	120
6.1.1  Biomechanics	120
6.1.2  Occupational Biomechanics	122
6.2  Biomechanical Models	130
6.2.1  Introduction of Biomechanical Models	130
6.2.2  The 2D Static Strength Model	131
6.3  Low Back Biomechanics and Manual Material Handling	135
6.3.1  Low Back Biomechanics and Manual Material Handling	135
6.3.2  NIOSH Lifting Equation	137
References	144
Chapter 7  Visual System	146
7.1  Light	147
7.1.1  The Sources of the Light	147
7.1.2  Color System	148
7.1.3  The Visual Receptor System	150
7.2  Illumination	154
7.2.1  Measurement of Light	154
7.2.2  Contrast Sensitivity	155
7.3  Visual Perception	157
7.3.1  Top-down vs. Bottom-up	157
7.3.2  Depth Perception	158
7.4  Visual Search	161
7.4.1  Serial Search	161
7.4.2  Parallel Search	162
References	168
Chapter 8  Auditory System	169
8.1  Mechanics of Sound	170
8.1.1  Wave, Frequency, Amplitude and Intensity	171
8.1.2  Measuring the Intensity of Sound	172
8.2  Structure of Human Ear	174
8.2.1  The Outer Ear	174
8.2.2  The Middle Ear	175
8.2.3  The Inner Ear	175
8.3  Perception of Sound	177
8.3.1  Loudness and Pitch	177
8.3.2  Sound Source Location	178
8.3.3  Hearing Loss	180
8.4  Noise	182
8.4.1  Assessing and Controlling Noise Risks	183
8.4.2  Hearing Protection	184
8.5  Case Study	185
References	186
Chapter 9  Other Perception Channels	187
9.1  Tactile Perception	188
9.1.1  Definition of Tactile Perception	189
9.1.2  Applications of Tactile Perception	190
9.2  Vestibular Sensation	192
9.2.1  Vestibular System	192
9.2.2  Semicircular Canal System	192
9.2.3  Otolithic Organs	195
9.2.4  Equilibrioception	197
References	198
Chapter 10  Displays	200
10.1  Introduction of Displays	201
10.1.1  Concepts of Displays	201
10.1.2  The Way of Displays’ Classification	202
10.2  Display design	203
10.2.1  Principles of Display Design	203
10.2.2  Coding Schema	206
10.3  Navigation Displays	208
10.3.1  Line Table and Instruction Display	209
10.3.2  Maps	210
10.4  Adaptive Multimodal Displays	215
10.4.1  Multimodal Interaction	215
10.4.2  Adaptive Multimodal Displays	218
References	223
Chapter 11  Stress ＆ Mental Workload	224
11.1  Concept ＆ Possible Effects of Stress	226
11.2  Yerkes-Dodson Law	227
11.3  What is Mental Workload	229
11.4  Mental Workload Measurement	230
11.4.1  Primary-task Performance Measures	230
11.4.2  Secondary-task Performance Measures	231
11.4.3  Physiological Measures	234
11.4.4  Subjective Evaluation Measures	235
References	239
Chapter 12  Applications in Daily Life	241
12.1  Traditional Transportation	242
12.1.1  Driver Information Systems	242
12.1.2  Advanced Driver-assistance Systems	245
12.1.3  Autonomous Cars	246
12.2  E-business	249
12.3  Design for the Aged	254
12.4  Design for the Disabled	258
References	261

前     言
       编写一本人因工程的英文教材，从某种角度来看是一件匪夷所思、令人费解的事情，尽管这个念头萦绕在编者心头已经很多年。扪心自问，既然国际上人因工程的经典英文教科书业已汗牛充栋，做这件事的意义又何在？编者结合多年在教学与科研一线的深切体会认为，这是当下国内本科生和研究生教学科研环节中实际需要的。编者所在科研教学团队在过去十几年的人因工程教学科研实践过程中，经历了从纯中文教学到双语教学再到全英文示范课教学的艰苦探索历程。在英文授课过程中，团队深切感受到一本本土化的、适合我国大学生特点的英文教材的必要性和迫切性。尽管国外教材不可谓不经典，有些教材甚至出版了十余版，拥趸无数，但里面的内容与案例往往与我国的实际情况相去甚远。我们必须承认，人因工程是紧密结合人类需求与实践的学科，很多受众如果没有机会接触到原版教材中的案例场景，也就无从对人因工程原理与方法在这些应用场景中的应用感同身受，更无从谈起指导将来的生产生活实践。同时，国外原版教材动辄几百上千页，教师在实际教学过程中不得不根据学生特点、自身倾向对这些内容进行定制化裁剪。上述种种缘由，导致英语授课的教师疲于奔命地挑选适合的教学内容，学生疲于奔命地记忆各种专业术语，严重影响了对专业知识、基本原理和基本技能的理解与掌握。目前，各高校的双语教学、全英文示范课如火如荼，大有覆盖从基础课到专业课等各个学科各个方向之趋势。因此，编写适合我国学生群体特点的人因工程英文教材成为急需解决的问题。
       人因工程作为典型的跨学科的学科，涵盖从生理、心理、组织、行为、设计、IT等多领域的知识与技能。人因工程历史悠远，历久弥新，研究对象层出不穷，研究手段日新月异。给出一个广为接受的人因工程定义是一个极具挑战性的任务，仅其中文名称就让人目不暇接，从不同领域来看，有称之为人机工程、人机环工程、人因学、人体工程学、工效学、人体工学等。甚至其英文名称都存在Human Factors、Ergonomics、Human Machine Engineering等，不一而足。围绕“Human Factors”和“Ergonomics”到底哪个更地道、更权威的争论一直没有停止过，尽管有人谨慎地认为“Ergonomics”流行于欧洲大陆，而“Human Factors”更为北美所接受，但有趣的是美国人因工程全国性学术组织的全称即为Human Factors and Ergonomics Society（HFES）。根据国际工效学联合会（International Ergonomics Association）的定义，人因工程是一个研究人与系统其他元素之间的交互作用的科学领域，是一个将理论、原则、数据、方法进行设计以提升人类福祉并优化整体系统表现的专业。人因工程学研究专家秉持以用户为中心的思想，致力于通过比较分析用户的需求、能力和限制来评估和设计任务、工作、产品、环境和系统等。人因工程有三个专业研究领域，即生理人因学、认知人因学和组织人因学。生理人因学关注人进行生理活动时的人体解剖学、人体测量学、生理学和生物力学特征。认知人因学关注认知过程，如感知、记忆、推理和响应等过程，它们影响着人与系统其他元素的交互。组织人因学则关注社会技术系统的优化，包括组织的结构、政策和过程。
       虽然编者从事人因工程的教学科研工作已近二十年，但愈了解就愈胆怯，愈发感觉人类在人因工程这个庞然大物面前的渺小。回顾这么多年来，编者有苦有泪，有艰难探索，也有小确幸。记得多年前第一次跟导师见面，导师老先生询问我们几个博士生是否喜欢自己的研究方向，少不经事的我不假思索地说“不喜欢”，让导师和旁边的几位副导师都哑然失笑。这的确是当时的心里话，自己当初的博士课题与生理人因学中的人体测量学相关，每天看的文献都是非均匀有理B样条、插值、拟合、散乱点云、三维配准、深度相机等术语，真有些望而却步。如今过去这么多年，已然对这个方向产生了深厚的感情，非常感谢两位导师的言传身教，是他们手把手地将我领进人因工程的大门。如今亦为人师，每当收到学生发来的邮件、微信，告诉我他们拿到了人因工程相关的称心如意的留学、深造和就业的机会，我都会有发自肺腑的感动。一门学科，就这样一点一点地薪火相传下去，是学科的幸运，也是我们每个普通从业者的幸运。
       本书是编者根据近二十年从事人因工程教学科研的实践经验，力求全面反映人因工程的最新发展趋势，突出理论与实践相结合、基础与前沿相结合的原则编纂而成。本书的突出特点是系统总结了国内外相关领域最新教学与科研的成果，点面结合、深入浅出，前沿而翔实。书中展示的大量案例均从人因工程领域顶级学术会议、知名学术期刊上经过精挑细选编纂而成，代表了该领域各细分方向国际最高学术水平。读者通过本书既可以学习人因工程的基本理论和基础知识，更能通过大量实例掌握人因工程的科研思路与实践方法。
       全书分为4部分共12章。第一部分包括第1章和第2章。第1章为概论，从人类自身的特点、人因工程学的概念、应用出发，主要介绍人因工程的意义、历程、现状和发展趋势；第2章主要介绍人因工程研究的主流方法。第二部分包括第3章至第9章,第3章主要介绍人体测量的概念、方法、数据处理过程、应用场景及国际知名人体测量标准；第4章主要介绍人体的生理机能，包括肌肉结构、能量生成理论、呼吸与循环系统、人类生理极限与测量；第5章主要介绍人体疲劳与肌骨失调，包括疲劳的定义、类型、影响因素和缓解消除疲劳的方式方法；第6章主要介绍职业生物力学，包括基本概念、生物力学模型、下背部生物力学分析及手工操作分析；第7～9章分别介绍视觉系统、听觉系统和其他感知系统的概念、构成、特点和应用。第三部分包括第10章和第11章，第10章介绍视觉显示系统，主要包括基本需求分析、显示设计基本原则、基本概念、导航显示设计和自适应多通道显示设计；第11章主要介绍压力与心理负荷，包括压力的后果、压力的来源、对压力的适应、心理负荷的基本概念和测量手段。第四部分即为第12章，主要介绍人因工程的日常应用，应用场景包括交通驾驶、手机应用、电子商务、门户网站以及面向特殊人群的设计。其中，第一部分是本书的纲领，特别是第2章是本书的方法论基础；第二、三部分是本书的主体内容，分别从生理人因和认知人因的角度详细阐释了相关概念、特点和应用；第四部分是人因工程在日常生活中的典型应用和发展。
       参加本书编写工作的人员有钮建伟、姜昌华、温薇、王喜爱、赵玉婷、马闯、王丹、郑艳玲，具体分工如下：钮建伟担任主编，姜昌华、温薇担任副主编；王喜爱负责第1章、第2章和第4章，赵玉婷负责第3章和第11章，马闯负责第5章和第8章，王丹负责第6章、第7章和第12章，郑艳玲负责第9章和第10章，周玉霖、张珍、徐翔、朱孟峰、许梦雯、张腾、王莲、焉正权、安月琪为全书的校稿做了大量工作。
       在此，特别感谢电子工业出版社编辑许存权老师为本书的顺利出版给予的极大热情和无私支持；同时感谢我的家人、同事、学生，正是他们的帮助和鼓励，才使编者能够在教学科研之余完成此书；感谢常年在人因工程领域进行研究的专家学者和默默耕耘的从业人员，以及其他众多支持我们的朋友，他们为本书提出了宝贵的意见和建议。本书的出版受到北京科技大学全英文教学示范课程建设项目（KC2015QYW02）、工业和信息产业科技与教育专著出版资金的支持，在此一并感谢。
       由于时间仓促，知识水平有限，书中错误之处在所难免；本书旨在传播人因工程科学知识，无任何商业诉求，书中案例、图表、数据参照了国内外同行的学术成果，文献出处已尽力列出，在此向各位同行致以真诚的感谢和崇高的敬意。不当之处敬请各位专家、同行、读者不吝批评指正，并希望就人因工程的教学科研与广大同行进行深入探讨。
                                                                          编  者
                                                                    于北京科技大学 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Preface
       Human factors, or ergonomics, study the relationships between people, products, services and the environments in which they are made or used. The goal of human factors is to make life better and this iterative procedure never ends. It is rather difficult to provide an exact definition for human factors, though some prestigious organizations have ever proposed concepts as reference. Maybe part of the reason is due that this discipline has always been human-centric, and human activities expands territory forever, therefore enlarges the domain boundary of human factors all the way. As an example, International Ergonomics Association (IEA) defines human factors as the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and other methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) defines human factors as using knowledge of human abilities and limitations to design systems, organizations, jobs, machines, tools, and consumer products for safe, efficient, and comfortable human use.
       Though I have been immersed in this domain more than 16 years, I am always feeling as an unenlightened kid in front of the over complex giant. I can still memorize the first impression clearly when I stepped into the realm of human factors as a Ph D candidate. I admitted before that time I have never heard about this werid phase, at least for me at that time. My research in human factors started from anthropometry. When the supervisor consulted with me towards my academic direction, I replied in a less brusque and childish manner, since my answer was “Frankly speaking, I dislike it”. I really would like to apologize for my uncultivated and unreasoning response to the professors. At that time I was eager to be a production manager because I believed China would be a giant manufacturing center and there must be plenty of opportunities for production engineers. Another reason I didn’t have the guts to admit was that I thought anthropometry, honestly an important section of human factors, was challenging since dizzy concepts such as NURBS, interpolation, and basis function seem to be daunting to the beginners like me. 
       Now I have taught the course of human factors to the undergraduates and graduate students for years and I look forward to sharing the opinion transfer procedure I have ever experienced toward human factors with the young friends. I wanna yell that human factors is such an amazing and meaningful area. Quite a lot of fields have benefitted from the academic achievements of human factors, and more people pour into this fantastic domain, though some of them may be not aware there exists a discipline called Human Factors. Graduates from this discipline have obtained appealing positions either in academia or industry. The course we taught has also been transformed from a Chinese course, a bilingual course to currently an English course. During the teaching, my colleague and I felt the urgent need to compile an English text book. There exists difficulty for Chinese students to get access to the original text books published abroad due to the high expense. We don’t want to offend anyone and we would like to show our respects to those predecessors in human factors who have published reputable text books in Chinese or English.
       We must acknowledge that all the intellectual properties belong to the original authors and their publishers. This book is just an encyclopedia of human factors. The purpose of this book is only for knowledge transmission other than any commercial purpose. We have tried to mark annotation of the references all through the book. But limited to our knowledge, if some contents of this book violate the intellectual property of whomever, please inform us or our publisher as soon as possible. Comments and criticisms are appreciated all the time. The readers are encouraged to use the materials in this book only for learning and research.
       Last but not the least, I should show my gratefulness to my sons, Weijun Niu ＆ Weijin Niu, my wife Dr. Huiqing Wen and my family. It’s them who are always encouraging me wherever and whenever I trapped into depression. I also show my respect to my colleagues, Mrs Wei Wen, Mr Changhua Jiang, Miss Yanling Zheng, Miss Xiai Wang, Miss Dan Wang, Miss Yuting Zhao, Mr. Chuang Ma, Mr Haixin Xu, Mr Mengfeng Zhu, Miss Mengwen Xu, who contributed to the literature review and editorship of the main text. I appreciate all the authors and publishers from whom we adopted/adapted the contents, figures, tables and case studies. And I would like to express my gratitude to the editors, Mr. Cunquan Xu, who provide plenty of help for this book.
        This work was supported by English Demonstration Lesson Project from University of Science and Technology Beijing, China (KC2015QYW02), and Fund for publishing Monographs on science, technology and education in industry and information industry.

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