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液压与气压传动（第2版）

作译者：姚林晓,韩林山

出版时间：2022-01 千字数：547 版次：01-01 页数：344

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121375101

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纸质书定价：￥79.8

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目 录
第1 章 绪论 ·················································································································.1
1.1 液压与气压传动基本原理、组成和图形符号 ·······························································.2
1.1.1 液压与气压传动基本原理 ·············································································.2
1.1.2 液压与气压传动系统的组成 ··········································································.4
1.1.3 液压传动图形符号 ······················································································.5
1.2 液压与气压传动的优缺点 ·······················································································.6
1.2.1 液压与气压传动的优点 ················································································.6
1.2.2 液压与气压传动的缺点 ················································································.6
1.3 液压与气压传动的应用与发展 ·················································································.7
1.3.1 液压与气压传动的应用 ················································································.7
1.3.2 液压与气压传动技术的发展 ··········································································.8
1.4 本书内容安排 ······································································································.8
本章小结 ···················································································································.9
思考与练习 ················································································································.9
第2 章 液压流体力学 ·································································································.10
2.1 液体的主要物理性质 ···························································································.10
2.1.1 密度 ······································································································.10
2.1.2 压缩性和膨胀性 ·······················································································.11
2.1.3 黏性 ······································································································.11
2.2 液体静力学 ·······································································································.13
2.2.1 液体所受的作用力 ····················································································.13
2.2.2 静止液体微分方程的推导 ···········································································.14
2.2.3 静止液体微分方程的应用 ···········································································.15
2.2.4 压力的表示方法及单位 ··············································································.17
2.3 流动液体的力学基本规律 ·····················································································.18
2.3.1 经典流体力学研究方法介绍 ········································································.18
2.3.2 流动液体力学的基本概念 ···········································································.19
2.3.3 流动液体的连续性方程 ··············································································.20
2.3.4 理想液体流动的微分方程 ···········································································.20
2.3.5 伯努利方程 ·····························································································.21
2.3.6 动量方程 ································································································.22
2.4 液体在流动中的能量损失 ·····················································································.24
2.4.1 流态实验和雷诺数 ····················································································.24
2.4.2 液体圆管流动中的沿程压力损失 ··································································.26
2.4.3 液体流动中的局部压力损失 ········································································.29
2.4.4 管道系统中的总压力损失和压力效率 ····························································.30
2.5 液体在小孔和缝隙中的流动 ··················································································.32
2.5.1 液体在小孔中的流动 ·················································································.32
2.5.2 液体在缝隙中的流动 ·················································································.34
2.6 液压卡紧问题 ····································································································.40
2.6.1 液压卡紧的概念 ·······················································································.40
2.6.2 液压卡紧现象的原因分析 ···········································································.40
2.6.3 解决液压卡紧现象的措施 ···········································································.41
2.7 液压冲击 ··········································································································.41
2.7.1 阀门突然关闭引起液压冲击的物理过程 ·························································.42
2.7.2 液压冲击力的计算 ····················································································.42
2.7.3 减轻液压冲击的措施 ·················································································.43
2.8 空穴现象与气蚀现象 ···························································································.43
2.8.1 空气分离压与饱和蒸汽压 ···········································································.43
2.8.2 空穴现象 ································································································.44
2.8.3 气蚀现象 ································································································.45
本章小结 ·················································································································.45
思考与练习 ··············································································································.45
第3 章 液压泵和液压马达 ··························································································.48
3.1 概述 ················································································································.49
3.1.1 工作原理 ································································································.49
3.1.2 液压泵与液压马达的分类 ···········································································.50
3.1.3 液压泵和液压马达的基本参数 ·····································································.51
3.2 齿轮泵 ·············································································································.54
3.2.1 工作原理 ································································································.54
3.2.2 流量计算和流量脉动 ·················································································.55
3.2.3 外啮合齿轮泵的结构特点和优缺点及提高齿轮泵压力的措施 ······························.56
3.2.4 齿轮液压马达 ··························································································.59
3.3 叶片泵 ·············································································································.61
3.3.1 单作用叶片泵 ··························································································.61
3.3.2 双作用叶片泵 ··························································································.63
3.3.3 叶片液压马达 ··························································································.65
3.4 轴向柱塞泵 ·······································································································.65
3.4.1 斜盘式轴向柱塞泵的工作原理 ·····································································.66
3.4.2 斜盘式轴向柱塞泵典型结构 ········································································.67
3.4.3 总功率变量泵 ··························································································.73
3.5 负载敏感泵 ·······································································································.74
3.5.1 负载敏感泵的节能工作原理 ········································································.75
3.5.2 负载敏感泵的应用 ····················································································.76
3.6 多作用内曲线低速大转矩液压马达 ·········································································.78
3.6.1 结构组成 ································································································.79
3.6.2 工作原理 ································································································.80
本章小结 ·················································································································.80
思考与练习 ··············································································································.81
第4 章 液压缸 ···········································································································.82
4.1 液压缸的分类和工作原理 ·····················································································.83
4.1.1 液压缸的分类 ··························································································.83
4.1.2 液压缸的工作原理 ····················································································.84
4.2 液压缸的典型结构 ······························································································.90
4.2.1 液压缸的结构组成 ····················································································.90
4.2.2 液压缸的主要零件及装置 ···········································································.91
4.3 液压缸的设计和计算 ···························································································.95
4.3.1 液压缸设计过程中应注意的问题 ··································································.95
4.3.2 液压缸的主要尺寸确定 ··············································································.96
4.3.3 液压缸的强度校核 ····················································································.97
4.3.4 液压缸的稳定性校核 ·················································································.98
4.3.5 缓冲计算 ································································································.99
4.3.6 拉杆计算 ································································································.99
本章小结 ················································································································.101
思考与练习 ·············································································································.101
第5 章 液压控制阀 ···································································································.103
5.1 概述 ···············································································································.104
5.1.1 按功用分类 ····························································································.104
5.1.2 按控制方式分类 ······················································································.104
5.1.3 按结构形式分类 ······················································································.105
5.1.4 按连接方式分类 ······················································································.105
5.2 压力控制阀 ······································································································.106
5.2.1 溢流阀 ··································································································.106
5.2.2 减压阀 ··································································································.114
5.2.3 顺序阀 ··································································································.116
5.2.4 平衡阀 ··································································································.117
5.2.5 专用平衡阀 ····························································································.118
5.2.6 压力继电器 ····························································································.119
5.3 流量控制阀 ······································································································.121
5.3.1 节流阀和单向节流阀 ················································································.122
5.3.2 调速阀 ··································································································.124
5.3.3 分流集流阀 ····························································································.126
5.3.4 单路稳流阀 ····························································································.128
5.4 方向控制阀 ······································································································.131
5.4.1 单向阀 ··································································································.131
5.4.2 换向阀 ··································································································.135
5.5 工程机械常用液压阀 ··························································································.142
5.5.1 多路换向阀 ····························································································.142
5.5.2 减压阀式先导控制阀 ················································································.145
5.6 新型液压阀 ······································································································.147
5.6.1 电液比例阀 ····························································································.147
5.6.2 数字阀 ··································································································.149
本章小结 ················································································································.152
思考与练习 ·············································································································.154
第6 章 液压油和液压系统辅助元件 ···········································································.156
6.1 液压油 ············································································································.157
6.1.1 液压系统对液压油的基本要求 ····································································.157
6.1.2 液压油的特性 ·························································································.157
6.1.3 液压油的选择和使用 ················································································.159
6.1.4 液压油的污染及其控制 ·············································································.160
6.2 蓄能器 ············································································································.162
6.2.1 蓄能器的作用和分类 ················································································.162
6.2.2 蓄能器容积计算 ······················································································.164
6.2.3 蓄能器的使用和安装 ················································································.166
6.3 滤油器 ············································································································.166
6.3.1 滤油器的分类 ·························································································.167
6.3.2 滤油器的选用和安装 ················································································.169
6.4 油箱和热交换器 ································································································.170
6.4.1 油箱 ·····································································································.170
6.4.2 热交换器 ·······························································································.172
6.5 其他辅助元件 ···································································································.175
6.5.1 密封件 ··································································································.175
6.5.2 管件 ·····································································································.178
6.5.3 压力表 ··································································································.181
本章小结 ················································································································.181
思考与练习 ·············································································································.181
第7 章 液压基本回路 ································································································.183
7.1 压力控制回路 ···································································································.184
7.1.1 调压回路 ·······························································································.184
7.1.2 减压回路 ·······························································································.186
7.1.3 增压回路 ·······························································································.187
7.1.4 卸荷回路 ·······························································································.188
7.1.5 保压回路 ·······························································································.190
7.1.6 缓冲补油回路 ·························································································.191
7.2 速度控制回路 ···································································································.194
7.2.1 调速回路 ·······························································································.194
7.2.2 平衡回路 ·······························································································.202
7.2.3 增速回路 ·······························································································.203
7.2.4 快慢速换接回路 ······················································································.204
7.3 方向控制回路 ···································································································.206
7.3.1 换向回路 ·······························································································.206
7.3.2 浮动回路 ·······························································································.207
7.3.3 锁紧回路 ·······························································································.209
7.4 多执行元件控制回路 ··························································································.211
7.4.1 顺序动作回路 ·························································································.212
7.4.2 同步回路 ·······························································································.215
7.4.3 多缸快慢速互不干扰回路 ··········································································.216
本章小结 ················································································································.218
思考与练习 ·············································································································.218
第8 章 典型液压系统 ································································································.222
8.1 组合机床动力滑台液压系统 ·················································································.223
8.1.1 YT 4543 型动力滑台液压系统的性能要求 ······················································.223
8.1.2 YT 4543 型动力滑台液压系统的工作原理 ······················································.224
8.1.3 YT 4543 型动力滑台液压系统的特点 ····························································.226
8.2 液压机液压系统 ································································································.226
8.2.1 YB 32-200 型液压机液压系统的性能要求 ······················································.226
8.2.2 YB 32-200 型液压机液压系统的工作原理 ······················································.227
8.2.3 YB 32-200 型液压机液压系统的特点 ····························································.230
8.3 汽车起重机液压系统 ··························································································.231
8.3.1 Q 2-8 型汽车起重机的液压系统性能要求 ······················································.231
8.3.2 Q 2-8 型汽车起重机液压系统的工作原理 ······················································.231
8.3.3 Q 2-8 型汽车起重机液压系统的特点 ····························································.234
8.4 塑料注射成形机液压系统 ····················································································.234
8.4.1 塑料注射成形机液压系统的性能要求 ···························································.236
8.4.2 塑料注射成形机液压系统的工作原理 ···························································.236
8.4.3 塑料注射成形机液压系统的特点 ·································································.238
8.5 挖掘机液压系统 ································································································.239
8.5.1 挖掘机液压系统的性能要求 ·······································································.239
8.5.2 挖掘机液压系统的工作原理 ·······································································.239
8.5.3 YW-60 型挖掘机液压系统的特点 ·································································.243
8.6 带钢张力电液伺服液压系统 ·················································································.244
8.6.1 带钢张力电液伺服液压系统的性能要求 ························································.244
8.6.2 带钢张力电液伺服液压系统的工作原理 ························································.244
8.6.3 带钢张力电液伺服液压系统的特点 ······························································.245
本章小结 ················································································································.245
思考与练习 ·············································································································.245
第9 章 液压系统设计与计算 ·····················································································.247
9.1 液压系统的一般设计流程 ····················································································.248
9.2 系统工况分析与负载匹配 ····················································································.248
9.2.1 负载分析与负载循环图 ·············································································.249
9.2.2 运动分析及运动循环图 ·············································································.252
9.2.3 负载匹配 ·······························································································.253
9.3 液压系统设计 ···································································································.254
9.3.1 确定系统主要参数 ···················································································.254
9.3.2 拟定液压系统工作原理图 ··········································································.258
9.3.3 液压元件的选型 ······················································································.260
9.3.4 液压系统性能验算 ···················································································.266
9.3.5 结构设计及技术文件编制 ··········································································.268
9.4 液压系统设计实例 ·····························································································.271
9.4.1 系统工况分析 ·························································································.271
9.4.2 主要参数的确定 ······················································································.272
9.4.3 拟定液压系统工作原理图 ··········································································.274
9.4.4 液压元件的选择 ······················································································.277
9.4.5 液压系统的性能验算 ················································································.279
9.5 液压系统动态特性分析 ·······················································································.279
9.5.1 液压系统动态特性分析的作用 ····································································.279
9.5.2 液压系统动态特性分析的内容和方法 ···························································.281
9.5.3 系统数学模型 ·························································································.285
9.5.4 动态特性分析实例 ···················································································.285
本章小结 ················································································································.293
思考与练习 ·············································································································.293
第10 章 气压传动 ·····································································································.294
10.1 气压传动概述 ·································································································.295
10.1.1 气压传动的特点 ·····················································································.295
10.1.2 气压传动系统的组成 ···············································································.295
10.2 气动元件 ·······································································································.296
10.2.1 气源装置 ······························································································.297
10.2.2 辅助元件 ······························································································.300
10.2.3 气动执行元件 ························································································.301
10.2.4 气动控制元件 ························································································.303
10.2.5 气动逻辑元件 ························································································.309
10.3 气动基本回路 ·································································································.313
10.3.1 方向控制回路 ························································································.313
10.3.2 压力控制回路 ························································································.313
10.3.3 速度控制回路 ························································································.314
10.3.4 其他回路 ······························································································.317
10.4 气动系统应用实例 ···························································································.319
10.4.1 气液动力滑台的气动系统 ·········································································.320
10.4.2 射芯机气动系统 ·····················································································.321
本章小结 ················································································································.323
思考与练习 ·············································································································.323
参考文献 ·····················································································································.324
附录 GBT 786.1—2009《流体传动系统及元件图形符号和回路图》（节选） ···············.326

前 言
液压与气压传动是一门现代工业技术，随着科学技术的进步，液压与气压传动技术得到飞速发展，广泛应用于工程机械、机床设备和航空航天等各个领域，成为实现智能化、信息化、自动化、生产规模化和提高生产效率必不可少的重要手段之一。“液压与气压传动”课程是机械类专业开设的一门重要的专业基础课程，该课程知识在机械类专业的知识结构中占有举足轻重的位置。近年来，教育部提出了“新工科”的人才培养规划。为贯彻国家人才培养方案、落实人才培养目标、满足“液压与气压传动”课程教学大纲要求，本书在第1 版的基础上对各章内容进行精心组织和编写，突出以下特点：
（1）与第1 版相比，在内容方面更贴近教学要求，选材围绕普通高等院校工科专业教学改革的实际情况和培养目，满足机械类专业认证的要求。
（2）详细分析各类元件的工作原理、结构，使读者对液压与气压传动元件有清晰的认识。
（3）增加了目前工程常用的新型液压元件（如液压数字阀和负载敏感泵等）的结构和工作原理内容。
（4）根据实际液压系统设计要求，本书修订了第1 版中的液压系统设计内容，并通过组合机床液压系统的设计实例，详细阐述了一般液压系统的设计原则、方法和步骤。同时，增加了液压系统动态特性分析的内容。
（5）对本书中的液压与气压传动的图形符号，均按照国家标准GB/T 786.1—2009《流体传动系统及元件图形符号和回路图》，进行了修改和绘制。
（6）在重要章节增加了例题，使读者加深对内容的理解，便于读者巩固所学知识。
（7）附录部分是本书相关内容中各元件及图形符号的总结，方便读者在学习过程中查阅和复习。
（8）考虑到本书内容方面的总体规划，删除了第1 版中的液力传动部分。
在本书编写过程中，根据21 世纪普通高等教育的发展现状和人才培养目标，对传统的基础理论知识按照少而精和理论联系实际的原则，增加了工程上目前常用的新型液压元件如负载敏感泵等；引用了机械行业多个实例，包括机床设备、工程机械、起重运输机械、注塑机械等的液压系统。在内容方面，注重反映国内外液压与气压传动领域的最新技术成果，如电液数字阀等。为方便读者在学习过程中掌握重点，把握难点，本书各章正文前附有“教学要求”和“引例”，能够让读者迅速把握本章内容脉络和主要内容；章后附有“本章小结”，能够让读者及时总结学过的知识，“思考与练习”部分帮助读者巩固、练习所学内容；部分章节配套液压与气压传动（第2 版）的“例题”，帮助读者加深知识点的理解。
本书入选河南省“十四五”普通高等教育规划教材。本书编写人员为华北水利水电大学姚林晓、韩林山、郑淑娟、胡全义、彭晗、贾建涛、范以撒。其中，姚林晓和韩林山担任主编，韩林山教授对全书进行了策划和统稿。编写分工如下：第1、7、8 章由姚林晓编写，第2 章由贾建涛编写，第3、10 章由范以撒编写，第4、6 章由郑淑娟编写，第5 章由彭晗编写，第9 章由胡全义编写。
由于编者水平有限，书中难免存在疏漏和欠妥之处，敬请广大读者批评指正。
编者
2021 年7 月

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