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低温材料基础

作译者：李来风,黄传军

出版时间：2024-01 千字数：666 版次：01-01 页数：416

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121468322

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目 录
第1 章 绪论································································································.1
1.1 低温简介·························································································.1
1.2 低温材料简介···················································································.3
1.2.1 低温材料发展简史····································································.4
1.2.2 不同低温材料性能及应用简介·····················································.5
1.2.3 与低温材料相关的事故和实例·····················································.6
1.3 低温材料选取的注意事项····································································.7
1.3.1 介质相容性·············································································.7
1.3.2 低温韧脆转变··········································································.8
1.3.3 热应力和热应变·······································································.8
1.3.4 抗热震性················································································11
1.3.5 低温诱发相变··········································································12
1.4 本章小结·························································································12
复习思考题1···························································································12
本章参考文献··························································································12
第2 章 材料低温力学性能··············································································14
2.1 材料的低温弹性变形··········································································14
2.1.1 弹性变形················································································14
2.1.2 模量······················································································16
2.1.3 泊松比···················································································20
2.2 材料的低温塑性和强度·······································································23
2.2.1 塑性变形················································································24
2.2.2 强度······················································································26
2.2.3 静强度准则与安全系数······························································29
2.3 材料的低温韧性················································································30
2.3.1 冲击韧度与低温韧脆转变···························································30
2.3.2 断裂力学与断裂韧度·································································36
2.4 材料的低温疲劳性能··········································································51
2.4.1 变应力与材料疲劳····································································51
2.4.2 S -N 曲线与ε-N 曲线·································································52
2.4.3 疲劳裂纹扩展速率及门槛值························································55
2.4.4 疲劳设计概要··········································································57
低温材料基础
·VIII·
2.5 本章小结·························································································58
复习思考题2···························································································58
本章参考文献··························································································59
第3 章 材料低温物理性能··············································································61
3.1 低温热学性能···················································································61
3.1.1 比热······················································································61
3.1.2 热导率···················································································77
3.1.3 热扩散系数·············································································84
3.1.4 接触热阻················································································85
3.1.5 热发射率················································································90
3.1.6 热膨胀···················································································92
3.2 低温电学性能···················································································94
3.2.1 金属材料电导率·······································································94
3.2.2 剩余电阻率（RRR） ·································································96
3.2.3 半导体材料电导率····································································98
3.2.4 温差电现象·············································································98
3.2.5 低温温度的电测量方法······························································99
3.3 材料的低温磁学性能·······································································.100
3.3.1 材料的低温磁学性能简介························································.100
3.3.2 低温对奥氏体不锈钢磁学性能的影响·········································.102
3.3.3 焊接对奥氏体不锈钢磁学性能的影响·········································.103
3.3.4 塑性变形对奥氏体不锈钢磁学性能的影响···································.104
3.3.5 磁场对金属材料低温力学性能的影响·········································.104
3.4 本章小结······················································································.106
复习思考题3························································································.106
本章参考文献·······················································································.107
第4 章 金属材料·······················································································.109
4.1 低温马氏体相变·············································································.109
4.1.1 马氏体相变的基本特征···························································.109
4.1.2 Fe-Ni-Cr 系奥氏体不锈钢的马氏体相变······································.112
4.1.3 Fe-Mn-Cr 系奥氏体不锈钢的马氏体相变·····································.117
4.2 低温“锯齿”形流变·······································································.118
4.2.1 吕德斯屈服··········································································.119
4.2.2 PLC 效应·············································································.120
4.2.3 低温不连续屈服····································································.122
4.3 金属材料氢脆················································································.130
4.3.1 金属材料氢脆简介·································································.130
目 录
·IX·
4.3.2 典型金属材料的氢脆特征························································.134
4.4 钢·······························································································.136
4.4.1 锰钢和镍钢··········································································.137
4.4.2 马氏体时效钢·······································································.140
4.4.3 不锈钢················································································.141
4.4.4 奥氏体钢和奥氏体不锈钢························································.144
4.5 镍基合金和高温合金·······································································.150
4.5.1 镍基合金和高温合金简介························································.150
4.5.2 镍基合金和镍基、铁镍基高温合金的低温性能·····························.151
4.6 钛和钛合金···················································································.154
4.6.1 传统钛合金和高性能钛合金·····················································.154
4.6.2 传统钛合金低温性能······························································.155
4.7 铝和铝合金···················································································.162
4.7.1 铝合金分类··········································································.162
4.7.2 铝合金低温性能····································································.168
4.8 铜和铜合金···················································································.173
4.8.1 铜合金分类··········································································.173
4.8.2 铜合金低温性能····································································.174
4.9 本章小结······················································································.177
复习思考题4························································································.177
本章参考文献·······················································································.177
第5 章 非金属材料····················································································.180
5.1 高分子材料···················································································.180
5.1.1 塑料···················································································.180
5.1.2 橡胶···················································································.181
5.1.3 高分子材料低温性能及应用·····················································.182
5.1.4 环氧树脂·············································································.186
5.1.5 低温结构胶黏剂····································································.187
5.2 陶瓷材料······················································································.188
5.2.1 陶瓷材料及基本性能······························································.188
5.2.2 常用工程陶瓷材料·································································.189
5.2.3 陶瓷材料低温性能·································································.193
5.2.4 陶瓷材料增韧·······································································.194
5.2.5 陶瓷基复合材料····································································.196
5.3 纤维增强聚合物基复合材料······························································.198
5.3.1 纤维及纤维制品····································································.198
5.3.2 纤维增强树脂基复合材料制备方法············································.213
5.3.3 纤维增强树脂基复合材料低温性能及应用···································.217
低温材料基础
·X·
5.4 本章小结······················································································.227
复习思考题5························································································.228
本章参考文献·······················································································.228
第6 章 实用超导材料·················································································.230
6.1 超导电性简介················································································.230
6.1.1 零电阻现象··········································································.230
6.1.2 临界温度及临界磁场强度························································.232
6.1.3 超导体的磁性·······································································.234
6.1.4 第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类超导体···························································.235
6.1.5 伦敦方程和穿透深度······························································.237
6.1.6 超导电性的BCS 理论·····························································.238
6.1.7 超导环内磁通量子化······························································.239
6.1.8 混合态················································································.239
6.2 实用超导材料················································································.240
6.2.1 Nb-Ti 合金超导体··································································.242
6.2.2 Nb3Sn ·················································································.247
6.2.3 MgB2 ··················································································.257
6.2.4 铜氧化物超导体····································································.262
6.3 超导磁体简介················································································.272
6.3.1 超导磁体的应用····································································.273
6.3.2 小型超导磁体设计简介···························································.280
6.4 本章小结······················································································.291
复习思考题6························································································.291
本章参考文献·······················································································.291
第7 章 材料低温力学性能测量方法·······························································.294
7.1 低温环境和测量设备·······································································.294
7.1.1 低温环境·············································································.294
7.1.2 应变速率·············································································.295
7.1.3 试验机················································································.296
7.1.4 变形测量和电子引伸计···························································.297
7.1.5 反向结构和多试样工装···························································.298
7.2 准静态拉伸、压缩、弯曲、剪切和扭转性能测量···································.301
7.2.1 准静态拉伸性能测量······························································.301
7.2.2 压缩性能测量·······································································.319
7.2.3 弯曲性能测量·······································································.328
7.2.4 剪切性能测量·······································································.333
7.2.5 扭转性能测量·······································································.339
目 录
·XI·
7.3 准静态断裂韧度测量·······································································.342
7.3.1 金属材料准静态断裂韧度测量··················································.342
7.3.2 工程塑料断裂韧度测量···························································.368
7.3.3 纤维增强树脂基复合材料断裂韧度测量······································.370
7.4 低温疲劳力学性能和疲劳裂纹扩展速率测量·········································.373
7.4.1 低温疲劳力学性能测量···························································.373
7.4.2 疲劳裂纹扩展速率（FCGR）测量·············································.382
7.5 低温简支梁冲击性能测量·································································.385
7.5.1 冲击性能测量方法·································································.385
7.5.2 低温冲击性能测量方法···························································.387
7.5.3 低温吸收能量与准静态断裂韧度的关联性···································.388
7.6 本章小结······················································································.389
复习思考题7························································································.389
本章参考文献·······················································································.389
第8 章 材料低温热学和电学性能测量····························································.391
8.1 低温热学性能测量方法····································································.391
8.1.1 低温热膨胀性能测量······························································.391
8.1.2 低温热导率测量····································································.393
8.1.3 低温比热测量·······································································.396
8.1.4 低温发射率测量····································································.400
8.2 低温电学性能测量方法····································································.401
8.2.1 剩余电阻率测量····································································.401
8.2.2 超导材料临界电流测量···························································.402
8.3 本章小结······················································································.404
复习思考题8························································································.404
本章参考文献·······················································································.404

序 言
低温材料泛指可用于低温环境的结构材料和功能材料。现代低温技术的许多应用，如
空间技术、应用超导、液化天然气存储，以及近年受到重视的氢能源技术，都离不开高性
能低温材料的支撑。同时，这些领域的应用和突破取决于新型低温材料研发和已有材料低
温性能的获得。例如，柯林斯（Collins）氦液化器曾被认为是低温技术的最重要进展之一。
在此之前，卡皮查（Kapitsa）已经提出了膨胀式氦液化器的基本原理。柯林斯的技术革新
导致了更高效率的氦液化器的研制成功，这主要归功于低温材料的选用。例如，为减少漏热，
用渗氮钢制作间隙更小的活塞和气缸；在铜镍管内安装铜散热片以提高热交换效率；由于活
塞和阀杆一直处于拉应力状态，因而可以使用冷损较小的细杆；等等。1964 年，我国首台氦
液化器研制成功，也主要归功于采用室温密封、冷损较小的长活塞结构。20 世纪90 年代，
具有较高低温比热的铒三镍（Er3Ni）磁蓄冷材料使小型制冷机最低温度达到4.2 K 以下。
材料在低温下的性能恶化往往容易引起重大灾难，如20 世纪40 年代美国克利夫兰市
液化天然气爆炸、1986 年美国“挑战者”号航天飞机爆炸等事故。类似的事例虽有很多，
但是低温材料的研究仍没引起足够的重视。目前针对低温材料的教材和专著较少，有关低
温材料的性能数据匮乏，且分散在各种文献资料中，很有必要出版一本低温材料的教材和
专著，以适应近年低温物理、低温工程相关领域的需求，同时能为从事与低温相关研究工
作的科研人员和研究生提供帮助和参考。
中国科学院理化技术研究所李来风研究员一直从事低温材料、低温技术及应用超导研
究。近年来，李来风研究员为中国科学院大学研究生讲授“低温材料科学基础”课，在科
研和教学中积累了丰富的经验和资料。于是，李来风研究员和黄传军研究员基于“低温材
料科学基础”讲义，编撰了《低温材料基础》一书，并由中国科学院大学资助出版。
本书共8 章，第1 章简要介绍了低温材料，第2 章和第3 章分别介绍材料的低温力学
性能和物理性能，第4 章和第5 章分别介绍金属材料和非金属材料，第6 章介绍实用超导
材料及超导磁体，第7 章和第8 章分别介绍材料低温力学、热学和电学性能测量方法。
希望本书有助于制冷及低温工程、动力工程及工程热物理等专业的研究生学习、了解
低温材料的相关知识，同时为低温技术的发展发挥积极作用。

中国科学院理化技术研究所研究员
中国科学院院士  
周远
2023 年10 月于北京

前 言
低温技术在航空航天、超导、大科学工程以及民用工业中得到日益广泛的应用。低温
材料是低温技术的基础。充分掌握材料在低温下的力学、电学、热学、磁学等性能是设计
和制造可靠低温系统的基础。多数材料的性能随温度变化显著，因此须要研究材料在室温
至绝对零度宽温区内的各种性能。低温材料学旨在研究材料力学、电学、热学、磁学性能
在低温下随温度变化的规律。
低温物理和低温技术均始于20 世纪初。1908 年，荷兰物理学家昂内斯（Onnes）液化
了氦，随后于1911 年发现了超导现象。20 世纪50―70 年代是低温技术发展的黄金时代。
其间，低温材料也取得了一系列重要进展。
中国科学院院士洪朝生（1920―2018）是我国低温物理和低温技术的开创者。1950 年，
洪朝生院士在半导体锗单晶中发现杂质能级上的导电现象，提出了半导体禁带中杂质导电
的概念，这一发现被物理界称为“洪朝生效应”。这成为无序系统研究的开端，引发了国际
上对无序电子输运机制的探索。1953 年，洪朝生院士在中国科学院物理研究所组建了国内
第一个低温实验室，主持研制低温研究设备，先后在国内首次实现了氢和氦的液化，并使
该技术在国内得以推广，为我国科学研究，特别是“两弹一星”做出了贡献。20 世纪70
年代，洪朝生院士带领低温科研队伍为我国航天事业的发展做出了贡献。“桃李不言，下自
成蹊。”洪朝生院士的学术魅力和人格魅力在我国低温物理、低温材料以及低温技术领域产
生了深远影响。
本书共8 章。第1 章简要介绍低温材料，以及低温下材料选取和使用时应注意的问题。
第2 章介绍材料的低温力学性能，主要讲述低温弹性、塑性和强度、韧性以及疲劳性能等；
但是本书不涉及低温蠕变、硬度以及摩擦磨损力学性能。第3 章介绍材料的低温物理性能，
主要包括比热、热导率、热扩散系数、接触热阻、热发射率、热膨胀等热学性能，以及电
导率、磁化率等电磁性能；考虑到一些读者可能对磁性及磁性材料了解较少，还增加了对
磁性基础知识的介绍。第4 章介绍金属材料，主要包括钢、镍基合金、钛和钛合金、铝和
铝合金、铜和铜合金，以及低温马氏体相变、低温“锯齿”形流变和金属材料氢脆等内容。
第5 章介绍非金属材料，主要包括高分子、陶瓷以及纤维增强聚合物基复合材料等。第6
章介绍实用超导材料及超导磁体，主要介绍六种实用超导材料，包括铌-钛（Nb-Ti）、铌三
锡（Nb3Sn）、二硼化镁（MgB2）、铋-2212（Bi-2212）、铋-2223（Bi-2223）和钇钡铜氧化
物（REBCO）；考虑到一些读者可能对超导电性了解较少，还增加了一部分相关基础知识
的介绍。第7 章和第8 章分别介绍材料低温力学、热学和电学性能测量方法。
本书的第1 章、第3 章、第5 章和第8 章由李来风撰写，第2 章、第4 章、第6 章和
第7 章由黄传军撰写。虽然作者对所写部分的内容做过一些研究工作，但毕竟涉及面有限，
所以本书大部分内容参考了国内外低温材料已有的相关著作和原始文献。本书主要是为制
冷及低温工程等专业的本科生和研究生撰写，所以内容侧重于基本原理和现象的介绍，一
低温材料基础
·VI·
些实验细节以及深入研究没有过多涉及。
在本书的编写过程中引用了大量国内外文献，在此向相关作者表示衷心的感谢。本书
作者在从事相关研究的过程中及在本书撰写过程中曾获科学技术部重点研发计划、国家自
然科学基金面上项目和中国科学院“十三五”信息化专项等资助，特表示衷心感谢。
为避免翻译错误，一些参考图表采用了原始文献格式，由此带来的不便之处望读者包
涵；对书中出现的错误和不妥之处敬请读者指正。
编著者
2023 年9 月

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