首页 > 教育 > 本科研究生 > 电子信息类

雷达信号分析手册（英文版）

作译者：Bassem R. Mahafza（巴塞姆·R. 马哈夫扎）,Scott C. Winton（斯科特·C. 温顿）,Atef Z. Elsherbeni（阿提夫·Z. 埃尔舍贝利）

出版时间：2024-01 千字数：1398 版次：01-01 页数：672

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121472930

换版：

纸质书定价：￥199.0

库存:无

分享到：

共有图书评论0条【查看评论摘要】

看了又看

{{data.bookName}}

￥{{data.price}}

内容简介

前言

上架建议

作者简介

编辑推荐

音视频专区

Chapter 1  Signals and Systems - Refresher
1.1  Signal Classification
1.2  Signal Expansion Functions
1.2.1  Fourier Series Expansion
1.2.2  Properties of the Fourier Series
1.3  Fourier Transform
1.3.1  Fourier Transform Pairs and Properties Tables
1.4  Systems Classification
1.4.1  Linear and Nonlinear Systems
1.4.2  Time Invariant and Time Varying Systems
1.4.3  Stable and Nonstable Systems
1.4.4  Causal and Noncausal Systems
1.5  Spectra of Common Radar Signals
1.5.1  Continuous Wave Signal
1.5.2  Finite Duration Pulse Signal
1.5.3  Periodic Pulse Signal
1.5.4  Finite Duration Pulse Train Signal
1.6  Convolution Integral
1.7  Correlation
1.7.1  Correlation Coefficient
1.7.2  Correlation Integral - Energy Signals
1.7.3  Relationship between Convolution and Correlation Integrals
1.7.4  Effect of Time Translation on the Correlation Function
1.7.5  Correlation Function Properties
1.7.6  Correlation Integral - Power Signals
1.7.7  Energy and Power Spectrum Densities
1.7.8  Correlation Function for Periodic Signals
1.8  Bandpass Signals
1.8.1  Analytic Signal (Pre-Envelope)
1.8.2  Pre-Envelope and Complex Envelope of Bandpass Signals
1.8.3  Spectrum for a Linear Frequency Modulation Signal
1.9  Discrete Time Systems and Signals
1.9.1  Sampling Theorem
1.10  Z-Transform
1.11  Discrete Fourier Transform
1.11.1  Discrete Power Spectrum
1.11.2  Spectral Leakage and Fold-Over
1.11.3  Windowing Techniques
1.11.4  Decimation and Interpolation
1.12  Random Variables and Random Processes
1.12.1  Random Variables
1.12.2  Multivariate Gaussian Random Vector
1.12.3  Complex Multivariate Gaussian Random Vector
1.12.4  Rayleigh Random Variables
1.12.5  The Chi-Square Random Variables
1.12.6  Random Processes
1.12.7  Gaussian Random Process
1.12.8  Lowpass Gaussian Random Processes
1.12.9  Bandpass Gaussian Random Processes
1.12.10 Envelope of a Bandpass Gaussian Process
Chapter 2  Radar Systems Basics
2.1  Radar Block Diagram
2.2  Radar Specific Terms
2.2.1  Range
2.2.2  Unambiguous Range
2.2.3  Range Resolution
2.2.4  Doppler Frequency
2.3  Radar Systems Classifications and Bands
2.3.1  High Frequency and Very HF Radars (A- and B-Bands)
2.3.2  Ultra High Frequency Radars (C-Band)
2.3.3  L-Band Radars (D-Band)
2.3.4  S-Band Radars (E- and F-Bands)
2.3.5  C-Band Radar (G-Band)
2.3.6  X- and Ku-Band Radars (I- and J-Bands)
2.3.7  K- and Ka-Band Radars (J- and K-Bands)
2.3.8  Millimeter Wave Radars (V- and W-Bands)
2.4  Decibel Arithmetic
2.5  Electromagnetic Waves (RF Waves)
2.5.1  Polarization
2.6  Coherence
2.7  Radar Antenna
2.7.1  Antenna Directivity and Gain
2.7.2  Antenna Power Radiation Pattern
2.7.3  Near and Far Fields
2.7.4  Beam Shape Loss and Scan Loss
2.7.5  Number of Beam Positions
2.8  Radar Cross-Section
2.8.1  RCS Prediction Methods
2.9  Radar Measurement Errors
Chapter 3  Radar Equation
3.1  Radar Range Equation
3.1.1  Maximum Detection Range
3.1.2  Blake Chart
3.1.3  Low Pulse Repetition Frequency Radar Equation
3.1.4  High PRF Radar Equation
3.1.5  Surveillance Radar Equation
3.2  Bistatic Radar Equation
3.3  Radar Losses
3.3.1  Transmit and Receive Losses
3.3.2  Antenna Pattern Loss and Scan Loss
3.3.3  Atmospheric Loss
3.3.4  Collapsing Loss
3.3.5  Processing Loss
3.4  Noise Figure
3.5  Continuous Wave Radars
3.5.1  CW Radar Equation
3.5.2  Frequency Modulation
3.5.3  Linear Frequency Modulated CW Radar
3.5.4  Multiple Frequency CW Radar
Chapter 4  Radar Propagation Medium
4.1  Earth’s Impact on the Radar Equation
4.2  Earth’s Atmosphere
4.3  Atmospheric Models
4.3.1  Index of Refraction in the Troposphere
4.3.2  Index of Refraction in the Ionosphere
4.3.3  Mathematical Model for Computing Refraction
4.3.4  Stratified Atmospheric Refraction Model
4.4  Four-Third Earth Model
4.4.1  Target Height Equation
4.5  Ground Reflection
4.5.1  Smooth Surface Reflection Coefficient
4.5.2  Divergence
4.5.3  Rough Surface Reflection
4.5.4  Total Reflection Coefficient
4.6  Pattern Propagation Factor
4.6.1  Flat Earth
4.6.2  Spherical Earth
4.7  Diffraction
Chapter 5  Radar Electronic Warfare Techniques
5.1  Electronic Warfare Classes
5.2  Passive Jamming Techniques
5.3  Radar Equation with Jamming
5.3.1  Self-Protection Jamming Radar Equation
5.3.2  Support Jamming Radar Equation
5.3.3  Range Reduction Factor
5.4  Noise (Denial) Jamming Techniques
5.4.1  Barrage Noise Jamming
5.4.2  Spot Noise and Sweep Spot Noise Jamming
5.5  Deceptive Jamming
5.6  Electronic Counter-Counter Measure Techniques
5.6.1  Receiver Protection Techniques
5.6.2  Jamming Avoidance and Exploitation Techniques
5.7  Case Studies
5.7.1  Hypothetical Victim-Radar Parameters
5.7.2  Self-Screening Jamming Case
5.7.3  Support Jamming Case
Chapter 6  Matched Filter Receiver
6.1  Matched Filtering
6.1.1  Matched Filter Impulse Response
6.1.2  The Replica
6.1.3  Mean and Variance of the Matched Filter Output
6.2  General Formula for the Output of the Matched Filter
6.2.1  Stationary Target Case
6.2.2  Moving Target Case
6.3  Waveform Resolution
6.3.1  Range Resolution
6.3.2  Doppler Resolution
6.3.3  Combined Range and Doppler Resolution
6.4  Range and Doppler Uncertainty
6.4.1  Range Uncertainty
6.4.2  Doppler (Velocity) Uncertainty
6.5  Combined Range-Doppler Uncertainty
6.6  Target Parameter Estimation
6.6.1  What is an Estimator
6.6.2  Amplitude Estimation
6.6.3  Phase Estimation
6.7  Pulse Compression
6.7.1  Time-Bandwidth Product
6.7.2  Radar Equation with Pulse Compression
6.7.3  Basic Principle of Pulse Compression
6.7.4  Correlation Processor
6.7.5  Stretch Processor
6.7.6  Stepped Frequency Waveforms
6.7.7  Effect of Target Velocity on Pulse Compression
Chapter 7  Radar Ambiguity Function
7.1  Ambiguity Function Definition
7.2  Effective Signal Bandwidth and Duration
7.3  Single Pulse Ambiguity Function
7.3.1  Time-Bandwidth Product
7.3.2  Ambiguity Function
7.4  LFM Ambiguity Function
7.4.1  Time-Bandwidth Product
7.4.2  Ambiguity Function
7.5  Coherent Pulse Train Ambiguity Function
7.5.1  Time-Bandwidth Product
7.5.2  Ambiguity Function
7.6  Pulse Train with LFM Ambiguity Function
7.7  Stepped Frequency Waveform Ambiguity Function
7.8  Nonlinear Frequency Modulation
7.8.1  Concept of Stationary Phase
7.8.2  Frequency Modulated Waveform Spectrum Shaping
7.9  Ambiguity Diagram Contours
7.9.1  Range-Doppler Coupling in LFM Signals - Revisited
7.10  Discrete Code Signal Representation
7.10.1  Pulse-Train Codes
7.11  Phase Coding
7.11.1  Binary Phase Codes
7.11.2  Polyphase Codes
7.12  Frequency Codes
Chapter 8  Target Detection
Part I - Single Pulse Detection
8.1  Single Pulse with Known Parameters
8.2  Single Pulse with Known Amplitude and Unknown Phase
8.2.1  Probability of False Alarm
8.2.2  Probability of Detection
Part II - Detection of Fluctuating Targets
8.3  Pulse Integration
8.3.1  Coherent Integration
8.3.2  Noncoherent Integration
8.3.3  Improvement Factor and Integration Loss
8.3.4  Probability of False Alarm Formulation for a Square Law Detector
8.3.5  Square Law Detection
8.4  Probability of Detection Calculation
8.4.1  Detection of Swerling 0 (Swerling V) Targets
8.4.2  Detection of Swerling I Targets
8.4.3  Detection of Swerling II Targets
8.4.4  Detection of Swerling III Targets
8.4.5  Detection of Swerling IV Targets
8.5  Cumulative Probability of Detection
8.6  Constant False Alarm Rate
8.6.1  Cell-Averaging CFAR (Single Pulse)
8.6.2  Cell-Averaging CFAR with Noncoherent Integration
8.7  M-out-of-N Detection
8.8  Radar Equation Revisited
8.9  Gamma Function
8.9.1  Incomplete Gamma Function
Chapter 9  Radar Signal Processing in Clutter
9.1  Introduction
9.2  Clutter Definition
9.3  Volume Clutter
9.3.1  Radar Range Equation in Volume Clutter
9.3.2  Volume Clutter Spectra
9.4  Area Clutter
9.4.1  Constant γ Model
9.4.2  Signal to Clutter, Airborne Radar
9.5  Clutter RCS, Ground-Based
9.5.1  Low PRF Case
9.5.2  High PRF Case
9.6  Amplitude Distribution
9.7  Area Clutter Spectrum
9.8  Doppler Processing
9.8.1  Range and Doppler Processing
9.8.2  Range and Doppler Ambiguity
9.8.3  Generalized Spectrum for Ground and Airborne Systems
9.9  Moving Target Indicator
9.9.1  Two Pulse Canceler
9.9.2  Three Pulse Canceler
9.9.3  The N+1 Pulse Canceler
9.9.4  Recursive MTI Filter
9.9.5  Blind Speeds and PRF Staggering
9.9.6  MTI Figures of Merit
9.10  Pulse Doppler Processing
9.10.1  Discrete Time Fourier Transform
9.10.2  Discrete Fourier Transform
9.10.3  Windowing
9.11  Ambiguity Resolution
9.11.1  Range Ambiguity Resolution
9.11.2  Doppler Ambiguity Resolution
9.11.3  Pulse Pair Processing
9.12  Limitations of Doppler Processing
Appendix 9-A  Fill Pulses in Pulse Doppler Radars
Chapter 10  Radar Tracking
10.1  Introduction
10.2  Basic Concepts
10.2.1  Tracking Architecture
10.2.2  State Space Representation
10.3  Measurements
10.3.1  Angle Measurements
10.4  Filtering
10.4.1  Least Squares
10.4.2  Recursive Least Squares
10.4.3  Kalman Filter
10.4.4  Extended Kalman Filter
10.5  Derivation of Recursive Least Squares
10.6  Data Association
10.6.1  Gating
10.7  Tracking Maneuvering Targets
10.7.1  Field Parameter Filters
10.7.2  Dynamic Parameter Filters
10.7.3  Multiple Model Filters
Chapter 11  Canonical and Finite Difference Time Domain Methods for RCS 
             Computations
11.1  Radar Cross-Section Definition
11.2  RCS Dependency on Aspect Angle and Frequency
11.3  Target Scattering Matrix
11.4  Scattering off Basic Canonical Objects
11.4.1  Cylinder
11.4.2  Dielectric-Capped wedge
11.4.3  Spheres
11.4.4  Ellipsoids
11.5  RCS Approximations of Simple Objects
11.5.1  Finite Length Cylinder
11.5.2  Circular Flat Plate
11.5.3  Rectangular Flat Plate
11.5.4  Triangular Flat Plate
11.5.5  Truncated Cone (Frustum)
11.6  RCS Using Computational Electromagnetics
11.6.1  The Standard Finite Difference Time Domain Method
11.7  RCS Using the FDTD Method
11.7.1  RCS of a Sphere
11.7.2  RCS of Complex Objects
Chapter 12  Integral and Physical Optics Methods for RCS Computation
12.1  Introduction
12.2  Radiation and Scattering
12.2.1  Maxwell’s Equations
12.2.2  Boundary Conditions
12.2.3  Formulations for Radiation
12.2.4  Near and Far Fields
12.2.5  Formulations for Scattering
12.3  Numerical Methods
12.3.1  Method of Moments
12.3.2  Physical Optics
12.3.3  Physical Theory of Diffraction
12.3.4  Shooting and Bouncing Rays
12.3.5  Scattering Centers
12.4  RCS Data Products
12.5  Scattering Coordinate System
12.5.1  Target Geometry Coordinate System
12.5.2  Spherical Coordinates
12.5.3  Aspect and Roll Coordinates
12.5.4  Measurement Coordinate System
12.6  Examples
12.6.1  Bodies of Revolution
12.6.2  Complex Three-Dimensional Objects
Chapter 13  Antennas for Radar Applications
13.1  Antenna Types
13.2  Antenna Basic Parameters
13.2.1  Radiation Pattern
13.2.2  Antenna Radiated Power
13.2.3  Radiation Intensity
13.2.4  Directivity
13.2.5  Antenna Gain
13.2.6  Antenna Effective Aperture
13.3  General Antenna Arrays
13.4  Linear Arrays
13.5  Array Tapering
13.6  Planar Arrays
13.6.1  Rectangular Grid Arrays
13.6.2  Circular Grid Arrays
13.6.3  Concentric Grid Circular Arrays
13.6.4  Recursive Circular 2-D Arrays
13.6.5  Rectangular Grid with Circular Boundary Arrays
13.7  Three- Dimensional Arrays
13.7.1  Rectangular Parallelepiped 3-D Array
13.7.2  Spherical 3-D Arrays
13.7.3  Arbitrary Arrays
13.8  Array Feeding and Beamforming Networks
13.8.1  General Forms of Array  Feeding Networks
13.8.2  Wideband Operation of Feeding Networks
13.8.3  Array Beamforming Networks
13.8.4  Power-Divider Beamforming Networks
13.8.5  Butler and Blass Matrix
13.8.6  Rotman Lens
13.8.7  Design Considerations for Beamforming Networks
13.8.8  Feeding and Beamforming Networks for Two-Dimensional Arrays
Chapter 14  Synthetic Aperture Radar
14.1  Basic Strip-Map Synthetic Aperture Radar Concept
14.1.1  Down Range Resolution
14.1.2  Cross-Range Resolution
14.1.3  Pulse Repetition Frequency Consideration
14.2  SAR Image Formation
14.2.1  Image Formation Processing Steps
14.2.2  Motion Compensation
14.2.3  Image Formation
14.2.4  Auto-Focus Techniques
14.3  Image Quality Considerations
14.4  Spotlight SAR
14.4.1  Motion through Resolution Cells
14.4.2  Polar Format Algorithm
14.4.3  Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
14.5  Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
Chapter 15  Wideband Radar Applications
15.1  Introduction
15.2  Band Versus Bandwidth
15.2.1  Various Bandwidths
15.2.2  Narrow Band, Medium Band and Wideband
15.3  Wideband Radar Applications
15.3.1  Foliage Penetrating Synthetic Array Radar
15.3.2  Automotive Blind Spot Warning and Collision Avoidance
15.3.3  Space Object Identification
15.3.4  Ground Perimeter Surveillance
15.3.5  Pavement Profiling and Inspection
15.3.6  Wall-Penetrating Radar for Detecting People
15.3.7  Noninvasive Construction Scanning
15.3.8  Industrial Robot Control
15.3.9  Compact Radar Range
15.3.10  Airport Security Imaging and Detection
15.3.11  Application Conclusions
Chapter 16  Modern Digital Array Antennas for Radar Applications
16.1  Introduction
16.2  Introduction to Digital Arrays
16.3  Comparison of Array Antenna Architectures by Example
16.4  Other Digital Array Advantages
16.5  Extreme Data Rate Demands in Digital Arrays
16.6  Digital Down-Conversion and Digital Up-Conversion
16.7  Array Factor versus Huygens-Fresnel Principle
16.8  Simultaneous Receive Beams
16.9  Array Scanning Effects to Antenna Pattern
16.10  Noise Figure and Third Order Intercept in AESA
16.11  Concluding Remarks
Index

Preface
In recent years, the radar book market has been flooded with many publications on the subject matter. A small portion of these publications were written to serve as college-level textbooks. Many others are solely focused on recent hardware developments and they cater to a very specific and narrowly defined segment of readers. Alternatively, a small percentage of these publications took aim at being a single comprehensive source on the subject; accordingly, the depth and breadth of the presented material in more cases than not lacked the necessary rigor and ease of presentation. A limited number of these publications have been very successful, however. Nonetheless, it is our contention that the need and demand for a comprehensive reference book focused on radar signal analysis remains very strong. Therefore, our desire to write this new handbook has materialized into this product.
This new handbook on radar signal analysis adopts a deliberate and systematic approach for presentation of the subject matter. It uses a clear and consistent level of delivery while maintaining strong and easy to follow mathematical details. The emphasis of this book is on radar signal types and their relevant signal processing, and not on radar systems hardware or components. Because of the nature of the topics found in this publication along with the associated level of presentation, it is our belief that this handbook will serve as a valuable reference to a wide range of audience. More specifically, college-level students, practicing radar engineers, as well as casual readers of the subject are the intended target audience of the first few chapters of this book. The level of advancement, as the book chapters progress, grows in complexity and specificity. Accordingly, later chapters are intended for practicing engineers, graduate college students, and advanced readers. Finally, the last few chapters contain several special topics on radar systems that are both educational and scientifically entertaining to all readers.
The word, radar, is an abbreviation for radio detection and ranging. Radar systems use modulated bandpass radio frequency (RF) signals and directive antennas to search for targets within the radar field of view. When this RF signal is incident on a target, it interacts with the target in accordance with Maxwell’s equations, and RF energy is scattered out in all directions from the target. Some portion of the scattered energy (target return or echo) is in the direction of the radar. The radar, through its antenna, captures the echo signal and through signal processing (using specialized hardware along with signal / data processing algorithms), the radar extracts target information such as target range, target velocity, target angular position, etc. More specifically, the radar system emits a completely known waveform (signal) into free space with the expectation that a modified version of this transmitted signal scattered from the target will return to the radar. Accordingly, understanding the radar signal types and their associated radar signal processing techniques are key to understating how radars function. In this context, the radar system hardware becomes an enabler that generates the desired transmitted signals and facilitates the extraction of target information from the returned echoes. 
The presentation of topics in this handbook takes the reader on a scientific journey whose major landmarks comprise the different radar subsystems and components. In this context, the chapters of this book follow the radar signal along this journey from its birth to the end of its life. Along the way, the different relevant radar subsystems are analyzed and discussed in a great level of detail. First, the waveform generator produces a lowpass waveform (signal), then through modulation this lowpass signal is up-converted in frequency into a bandpass signal inside the transmitter. The bandpass signal goes through the radar directive antenna and is transformed into an electromagnetic (EM) wave that propagates through space (or medium of propagation). This signal is modified in both amplitude and phase as it travels through the propagation medium, and it experiences significant changes as it interacts with the target. The target acts as an RF source and scatters the incident EM energy in many directions. Portions of this scattered energy usually returns to the radar and enters its receiver through its antenna. The radar receiver’s main purpose is to process received signals that resemble the original transmitted ones to extract the basic target attributes (range, size, range rate, angles, etc). The signal processor reshapes the noisy received bandpass signal into a noisy copy of the originally transmitted lowpass signal. Finally, through sampling and quadrature components processing, the signal is transformed into data that is input into the radar data processor whereby using different algorithms the radar estimates the target kinematics such as its track information, classification and type.
Chapter 1 presents a top-level overview of signal theory relevant to radar signal processing. The material in this chapter is not intended to serve as a course on signal design and analysis. It instead presents a quick refresher to many of the relevant concepts of signal analysis in order to facilitate better understanding of radar systems. The motivation behind introducing this chapter is derived from the fact that better knowledge of the time and frequency domain characteristics of radar signals is key to understanding how radar systems operate.
The main thrust of Chapters 2 and 3 is radar fundamentals. Chapter 2 presents a bird’s eye view of radar systems operation and introduces radar systems basic concepts. It discusses the functional subsystems of radar systems. Chapter 3 dives into the derivation of the radar range equation in its many forms and variants. It also talks in depth about system noise and the different sources of radar losses. Pulsed radars as well as continuous wave radars are presented.
Chapter 4 talks about radar wave. Environmental effects like refraction, diffraction, multipath, and diffraction are discussed. Chapter 5 is concerned with an overview of electronic warfare techniques. The presentation covers three major classes of EW: electronic support measures (ESM), electronic counter-measures (ECM) (also called electronic attack (EA)), and electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM) (also called electronic protection (EP)). Common jamming techniques along with common electronic protection techniques are discussed. Hypothetical case studies are introduced to enhance the understating of the material presented.
Chapter 6 introduces the concept of the matched filter. It presents the unique characteristic of the matched filter and develops a general formula for the output of the matched filter that is valid for any waveform. Stationary and moving target cases are analyzed. Pulse compression is then introduced. The correlation processor and stretch processor are presented. High range resolution processing using stepped frequency waveforms is also analyzed.
Chapter 7 takes the reader into the world of most common radar signal types, both analog and discrete. The ambiguity functions for both types of waveforms are analyzed. The analog waveforms discussed include the single unmodulated pulse, linear frequency modulation (LFM) pulse, unmodulated pulse train, LFM pulse train, stepped frequency waveforms, and nonlinear FM waveforms. The rest of the chapter is concerned with common discrete radar waveform types. Unmodulated pulse-train codes as well as binary codes, polyphase codes, and frequency codes are analyzed.
Chapter 8 starts by presenting a single pulse detection with known and unknown signal parameters. Then detection of fluctuating targets is introduced. The analysis is extended to include target fluctuation based on the Swerling target models. Detailed discussion is included of coherent and noncoherent integration in the context of a square law detector. An overview of CFAR, cumulative probability of detection, and M-out-of-N detection are also discussed.
Chapter 9 is concerned with pulse Doppler radars and radar clutter. Area clutter as well as volume clutter are defined and the radar equation is re-derived to reflect the importance of clutter, where in this case, the signal-to-interference ratio becomes more critical than the signal-tonoise ratio. A step-by-step mathematical derivation of clutter RCS, and the statistical models for the clutter backscatter coefficient is also presented. Analyses of the moving target inductor (MTI) and pulse Doppler radars are then presented. Delay line cancelers and how they are used to mitigate the impact of clutter within the radar signal processor are also presented.
Chapter 10 focuses on the two major building blocks of modern tracking approaches: track filtering and data association. This chapter provides an introductory examination of radar tracking while highlighting important concepts and explaining mature techniques. It is intended to provide the reader a foundation on which additional learning can be applied. Radar tracking is the estimation and maintenance of target parameters that can be measured or derived by the radar, such as range and angle. The accuracy of the measurements themselves can be improved by combining received signals as to drive out systemic errors. Monopulse is one of these well-known techniques. The two main functions to be performed in radar tracking are data association and filtering. The first is an attempt to assign incoming detections to established tracks create new ones. Data association techniques range from the simple, such as nearest neighbor, to extremely complicated, such as multiple hypothesis tracking. Track filtering is an attempt to improve the estimate by removing measurement noise. The workhorse of track filtering is the Kalman filter, which has its roots in least squares estimation. The Kalman filter is extremely versatile, can be adapted to nonlinear target dynamics or measurements, and can be included in multiple filter implementations.
Chapters 11 presents the phenomenon of target scattering, and methods of computing the radar cross-section (RCS) are introduced. Target RCS fluctuations due to aspect angle, frequency, and polarization are also investigated. Analytical expressions for RCS characteristics of canonical objects like spheres, cylinders and wedges are derived. Approximate expressions for RCS of simple shapes like finite length cylinders, circular, rectangular, and triangular flat plates, and truncated cones (frustums) are also presented. For more complex-shaped targets like rockets and airplanes, the FDTD method is used to compute their RCS characteristics. Numerical examples are provided to show the salient RCS features of these targets and their combinations. 
Chapter 12 considers RCS prediction methods, commonly found in predictive codes, common types of RCS data products, and the RCS of complex objects. The radiation and scattering effects are discussed at a high level and several numerical solution methods are presented. RCS computation methods of complex objects are discussed in this chapter. This chapter provides an overview of integral equation techniques, which are most commonly used in electromagnetic scattering analysis. It then discusses the most commonly encountered numerical methods used to solve these equations. Several examples are then considered, comparing the accuracy of different methods for the same problem.
Radar antennas and phased array radars are discussed in Chapter 13. This chapter presents different types of antennas and antenna array in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D configurations commonly used in radar systems. Different methods for tapering the antenna radiation characteristics are illustrated through expressions and numerical examples. Feeding networks (transmission lines) and beamforming networks are also addressed in order to improve the radiation efficiency of these antennas. This chapter starts by developing the general array formulation. Linear arrays and several planar array configurations such as rectangular, circular, rectangular with circular boundaries, and concentric circular arrays are discussed. Beam steering with and without using a finite number of bits is analyzed. Scan loss is also presented.
Chapter 14 discusses tactical synthetic aperture radars (SAR). This chapter presents the key concepts required for high-resolution SAR image formation. Radar system requirements for down range (fast time) and cross-range (slow time) resolution are presented along with array focusing requirements and pulse repetition frequency considerations. Motion compensation required to correct for nonideal platform motion and auto-focus processing to remove residual image formation errors are presented. The use of the polar reformat algorithm of radar returns to compensate for motion through resolution cells is covered with application to high-resolution image formation. The definition of image resolution and the image quality metrics of Peak Sidelobe Level and Integrated Sidelobe Level are presented. Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar and Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging modalities are discussed. Examples for the various key concepts are presented.
Chapter 15 is concerned with wideband radar applications. First, the operational bands are defined using the different standards. This chapter discusses the definitions of various bandwidths, highlights the differences between radar bands and bandwidths, defines narrow band, medium band and wideband radar waveforms, and other wideband radar applications and analyses. 
Chapter 16, focuses on less commonly covered material regarding phased array antennas, particularly as applied to radar. The chapter begins by describing the various types of electronic steering and various architectures including passive electronically steered array (PESA) and active electronically steered array (AESA). Also discussed are arrays using analog beamforming, digital beamforming, and hybrid beamforming, including use of sub-arrays. The chapter emphasizes modern digital arrays, and the performance advantages of digital versus analog beamforming are discussed. Along the way, digital receiver-exciter (DREX) and direct RF sampling and synthesis (contrasted with superheterodyne and homodyne systems) are discussed including digital down-conversion (DDC), digital up-conversion (DUC), finite impulse response (FIR) filters, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC). Also discussed are performance metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), spur-free dynamic range (SFDR), noise figure (NF), and third order intercept (TOI), and challenges associated with all-digital array required data rates. Software defined radio (SDR) concepts are described enabling the maximum flexibility in array antenna utilization. Array antenna patterns, their predictions using array factor (AF) and the Huygens-Fresnel principle, and electronic scan loss and bandwidth limitations are described. Finally, grating lobes and simultaneous receive beams are discussed. Extensive examples are presented throughout.
The chapter contributors of this handbook comprise experienced academia members and practicing radar engineers. Their combined years of academic and real-world experiences are in excess of 175 years. Together, they bring a unique, easy-to-follow mix of mathematical and practical presentations of the topics discussed in this book. Two of those contributors have served or still serve as college professors at different academic institutions around the United States. Two more have been, for many years, affiliated with very prestigious research institutes and/or centers. Two have served or still serve the Department of Defense (DoD) specializing in radar systems and associated advanced technologies. The remaining contributors are pillars in the field who have worked on, or are working on, some of the most advanced radar systems in the world.
Finally, due to the chapter contributors’ professional and employment affiliations, the Editors of this handbook obtained, and have on file, the applicable public release statements as required by their respective affiliates. Additionally, Scott Winton’s affiliation with The MITRE Corporation is provided for identification purposes only, and is not intended to convey or imply MITRE’s concurrence with, or support for, the positions, opinions, or viewpoints expressed by Scott Winton. Accordingly, the following specific MITRE Corporation release statement is included: “Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited. Public Release Case Number 20-2887.”

查看更多 > 图书评论

暂无评论

发表图书评论

评论标题：
评论内容：
验证码：: 看不清楚
点击刷新
: 您还没有登录，请登录后再评论。
点击“登录”

购买过本书的顾客还买过

{{data.bookName}}

￥{{data.price}}