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雷达有源诱饵是现代电子对抗的主要手段之一。本书总结了作者针对海上雷达有源诱饵的干扰理论以及方法的研究成果，主体内容由6章组成。第1章，介绍了海上雷达有源诱饵发展与应用现状，分析了雷达有源诱饵工作原理与局限性；第2章，介绍了海上雷达有源诱饵的动态干扰过程，建立了有效干扰临界条件的理论分析模型；第3章，介绍了影响有源诱饵干扰效果要素，提出了非合作条件下的干扰有效性评估理论与方法；第4章，介绍了基于改进粒子群优化算法的雷达集群干扰阵型优化方法；第5章介绍了基于改进差分进化算法的集群干扰目标分配方法；第6章介绍了深度强化学习方法以及基于深度强化学习的雷达有源诱饵集群自主干扰决策方法。

第1 章 海上雷达有源诱饵概况·························································1
1.1 引言·················································································1
1.2 海上雷达有源诱饵的发展与应用现状·······································1
1.3 海上雷达有源诱饵的工作原理················································7
1.3.1 单脉冲雷达导引头目标位置参数获取·······························7
1.3.2 基于数字射频存储的干扰信号转发技术·························.10
1.3.3 海上雷达有源诱饵的角度欺骗干扰模型·························.12
1.4 海上雷达有源诱饵运用分析与干扰局限性······························.18
1.5 小结··············································································.21
参考文献···············································································.21
第2 章 海上雷达有源诱饵干扰动态分析··········································.24
2.1 引言··············································································.24
2.2 单个海上雷达有源诱饵动态干扰模型····································.24
2.2.1 末制导雷达目标跟踪的动态响应··································.25
2.2.2 海上雷达有源诱饵的动态对抗过程·······························.29
2.2.3 单个海上雷达有源诱饵的有效干扰临界条件···················.32
2.3 多个海上雷达有源诱饵组合欺骗干扰分析······························.33
2.3.1 多个雷达有源诱饵干扰信号叠加模型····························.34
2.3.2 多个海上雷达有源诱饵有效干扰临界条件······················.39
2.3.3 多个海上雷达有源诱饵空间干扰模型····························.44
2.4 海上雷达有源诱饵的动态仿真分析·······································.47
2.4.1 雷达有源诱饵干扰动态仿真系统··································.47
2.4.2 雷达有源诱饵干扰过程仿真分析··································.49

2.5 小结··············································································.66
参考文献···············································································.67
第3 章 基于概率推理的海上雷达有源诱饵干扰有效性评估方法············.68
3.1 引言··············································································.68
3.2 概率推理的基本原理·························································.68
3.2.1 干扰有效性的正向概率推理········································.69
3.2.2 干扰有效性的反向概率推理········································.70
3.3 雷达有源诱饵欺骗干扰有效性评估方法·································.72
3.3.1 雷达有源诱饵干扰的非合作要素分析····························.72
3.3.2 雷达有源诱饵理想态势的有效干扰概率·························.74
3.3.3 雷达有源诱饵空间组合的有效干扰概率·························.77
3.4 干扰有效性评估数值仿真分析·············································.78
3.4.1 参数未知条件下的动态仿真········································.78
3.4.2 基于GeNIe 软件的有效干扰临界条件正反向推理············.80
3.4.3 多雷达有源诱饵干扰有效性评估分析····························.84
3.4.4 雷达有源诱饵机动干扰评估分析··································.85
3.5 小结··············································································.88
参考文献···············································································.89
第4 章 基于改进粒子群优化算法的集群干扰阵型优化方法··················.90
4.1 引言··············································································.90
4.2 雷达有源诱饵集群干扰阵型优化问题····································.90
4.2.1 集群干扰阵型优化问题描述········································.90
4.2.2 集群干扰阵型优化数学模型········································.94
4.3 基于多策略改进的粒子群优化算法·······································.96
4.3.1 标准粒子群优化算法·················································.96
4.3.2 算法改进策略··························································.97
4.3.3 集群干扰阵型寻优实现··············································100
4.4 集群干扰阵型优化仿真及结果分析·······································103
4.4.1 单个雷达有源诱饵干扰阵型优化··································103
4.4.2 多个雷达有源诱饵集群干扰阵型优化····························107
4.5 小结·············································································.116
参考文献··············································································.116
第5 章 基于改进差分进化算法的集群干扰目标分配方法·····················117
5.1 引言·············································································.117
5.2 雷达有源诱饵集群干扰目标分配问题···································.117
5.2.1 集群干扰目标分配问题描述·······································.117
5.2.2 集群干扰目标分配数学模型·······································.119
5.3 基于任务组合的改进差分进化算法·······································121
5.3.1 雷达有源诱饵干扰任务组合策略··································122
5.3.2 改进差分进化算法····················································124
5.3.3 集群干扰目标分配仿真及结果分析·······························128
5.4 融合阵型优化与目标分配的集群梯次动态对抗策略··················135
5.4.1 诱饵集群多波次干扰需求分析·····································135
5.4.2 诱饵集群多波次对抗决策流程设计·······························136
5.4.3 诱饵集群多波次对抗仿真案例分析·······························138
5.5 小结··············································································142
参考文献···············································································142
第6 章 基于深度强化学习的雷达有源诱饵自主干扰方法···················.144
6.1 引言··············································································144
6.2 雷达有源诱饵自主干扰问题描述与建模·································145
6.2.1 雷达有源诱饵自主干扰问题描述··································145
6.2.2 雷达有源诱饵自主干扰强化学习方法····························147
6.2.3 雷达有源诱饵自主干扰MDP 模型设计··························150
6.3 基于PPO 算法的自主对抗训练方法研究································154
6.3.1 雷达有源诱饵自主干扰决策神经网络····························154
6.3.2 完全去中心化异步递进训练结构设计····························155
6.3.3 基于截断形式近端策略优化算法实现····························158
6.4 雷达有源诱饵自主干扰仿真与试验分析·································159
6.4.1 仿真训练环境构建与参数设置·····································160
6.4.2 雷达有源诱饵独立场景训练分析··································161
6.4.3 雷达有源诱饵递进结构训练分析··································168
6.5 本章小结········································································171
参考文献···············································································171

海上雷达有源诱饵是海上雷达制导对抗中针对末制导雷达导引头的一种有源干扰装备器材，它由有源干扰载荷与舷外载体平台构成，通过主动辐射雷达射频信号，模拟舰船回波信号，结合与被保护舰船的相对位置，对海上制导武器雷达导引头实施欺骗干扰。早在20 世纪70 年代，西方国家就提出了海上雷达有源诱饵的概念，至20 世纪90 年代，各类形式诱饵登上了海上攻防对抗电磁博弈的舞台。进入21 世纪，随着数字射频存储技术的成熟与应用，海上雷达有源诱饵扮演着越来越重要的角色，已成为海上雷达制导对抗的主要手段之一。
近年来，雷达末制导技术快速发展，舰船等海上机动平台面临更加严峻的威胁，在干扰方面，对海上雷达有源诱饵的响应速度、可控性、续航能力等提出了更高要求。从平台角度看，基于现代智能化的自主平台作为载体，海上雷达有源诱饵具备了功能集成、机动灵活、自主可控等新质特征，使其在雷达制导对抗中构建常态化的、集群化的有源干扰态势成为可能。在此背景下，如何充分探索挖掘智能自主平台赋能下的海上雷达有源诱饵干扰效能，提升干扰对抗能力，是摆在雷达对抗领域科研工作者面前的重要任务。
本书从海上雷达有源诱饵的工作原理出发，首先分析干扰的动态对抗过程，并推广至多诱饵的情形；其次考虑干扰对抗的非合作性，提出干扰有效性评估方法；最后从常态化伴随护航与动态化机动干扰角度，研究海上雷达有源诱饵集群与自主干扰方法。
本书内容由6 章构成，具体安排如下。
第1 章，海上雷达有源诱饵概况。本章概述了海上雷达有源诱饵的发展与应用现状，介绍了海上雷达有源诱饵的基本工作原理，分析了海上雷达有源诱饵角度欺骗干扰模型，阐述了现阶段海上雷达有源诱饵干扰的局限性。
第2 章，海上雷达有源诱饵干扰动态分析。本章首先就单个海上雷达有源诱饵，结合制导武器、雷达有源诱饵以及舰船态势动态变化过程，理论推导了有效干扰临界条件；其次，拓展至多雷达有源诱饵干扰情形，讨论了多诱饵干扰下的单脉冲雷达角度响应以及有效干扰临界条件，并提出了空间干扰模型；最后，通过仿真对有效干扰临界条件的适用性与可行性进行了验证。
第3 章，基于概率推理的海上雷达有源诱饵干扰有效性评估方法。本章首先介绍了正向概率推理与反向概率推理的基本原理；其次，考虑干扰对抗非合作性，分析了雷达有源诱饵干扰的非合作要素，推导了有效干扰概率的计算公式，给出了多雷达有源诱饵空间组合干扰的有效性评估流程；最后，通过仿真验证了评估方法与干扰效果的一致性。
第4 章，基于改进粒子群优化（PSO）算法的集群干扰阵型优化方法。本章针对舰船所处海上复杂多变的对抗态势及其干扰防卫需求，研究了集群干扰阵型优化问题。首先，分析了干扰阵型优化问题的基本要素并构建了优化数学模型；其次，在标准PSO 算法基础上，提出了多种策略改进的3M-APSO 算法；最后，通过仿真验证了算法寻优性能并归纳总结了集群干扰的三种基本阵型。
第5 章，基于改进差分进化算法的集群干扰目标分配方法。本章进一步考虑舰船面对实际制导武器来袭情形，研究了雷达有源诱饵集群干扰目标分配问题。首先，分析了集群干扰目标分配问题基本要素并构建了数学模型；其次，提出了基于任务组合的改进差分进化算法并仿真验证了算法适用性；最后，结合应对多波次打击的干扰需求，提出了融合阵型优化与目标分配的集群梯次对抗动态策略，并验证了梯次动态对抗策略对干扰效果的提升作用。
第6 章，基于深度强化学习的雷达有源诱饵自主干扰方法。本章基于深度强化学习方法，探索构建雷达有源诱饵自主干扰智能体。首先，明确了自主干扰问题边界，设计了状态空间、动作空间表示以及收益函数；其次，针对智能体模型构建与训练，设计了决策神经网络，考虑决策过程与干扰过程的时效差异以及集群多智能体特征，提出去中心化步递进训练结构；最后，仿真验证了决策模型、训练结构与算法有效性。
本书是作者团队长期从事海上雷达有源诱饵的技术攻关、设计研制、工程应用、对抗研究等相关工作成果与经验的总结凝练。在编著过程中，参考了国内外广大同仁的相关文献和著作，并得到了电子工业出版社的大力支持与帮助，在此一并表示感谢。

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海上雷达有源诱饵干扰理论与集群干扰方法