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计算机网络原理与技术（第4版）

作译者：刘化君,杨伟博等

出版时间：2025-10 千字数：726 版次：01-01 页数：432

开本：16开装帧： I S B N ：9787121514166

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前言

上架建议

作者简介

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第 1 章 绪论····································································································1 
1.1 计算机网络的诞生与发展········································································1 
1.1.1 计算机网络的诞生·········································································1 
1.1.2 计算机网络的发展·········································································2 
1.2 计算机网络的基本概念········································································.11 
1.2.1 计算机网络的定义······································································.11 
1.2.2 计算机网络的主要功能 ·······························································.13 
1.2.3 计算机网络的分类······································································.14 
1.3 计算机网络的组成··············································································.17 
1.3.1 计算机网络的组成结构 ·······························································.18 
1.3.2 计算机网络的拓扑结构 ·······························································.19 
1.3.3 计算机网络系统的组成 ·······························································.21 
1.4 计算机网络的体系结构········································································.25 
1.4.1 网络体系结构的分层 ··································································.25 
1.4.2 ISO/OSI 参考模型 ······································································.27 
1.4.3 TCP/IP 模型··············································································.33 
1.4.4 基于 OSI 的实用参考模型 ····························································.36 
1.4.5 计算机网络标准及 RFC 文档 ························································.38 
1.5 计算机网络的基本理论问题··································································.39 
本章小结·································································································.40 
思考与练习······························································································.41 
拓展阅读·································································································.41 
第 2 章 物理层通信························································································.42 
2.1 物理层的基本概念和协议标准·······························································.42 
2.1.1 物理层接口的四种特性 ·······························································.42 
2.1.2 物理层接口标准示例 ··································································.44 
2.2 数据通信的理论基础···········································································.47 
2.2.1 数据通信系统············································································.47 
2.2.2 数据通信的常用术语 ··································································.48 
2.2.3 数据通信网络的性能指标 ····························································.50 
2.2.4 数据传输质量参数······································································.52 
2.3 数据编码技术····················································································.54 
2.3.1 模拟信号传输模拟数据·································································54 
2.3.2 模拟信号传输数字数据·································································55 
2.3.3 数字信号传输数字数据·································································56 
2.3.4 数字信号传输模拟数据·································································59 
2.4 数据传输方式 ····················································································.60 
2.4.1 数据通信方式·············································································60 
2.4.2 数据同步方式·············································································62 
2.5 传输介质 ··························································································.63 
2.5.1 导向传输介质·············································································63 
2.5.2 非导向传输介质··········································································65 
2.6 多路复用技术 ····················································································.68 
2.6.1 频分多路复用·············································································69 
2.6.2 时分多路复用·············································································70 
2.6.3 波分多路复用·············································································72 
2.7 数据交换技术 ····················································································.73 
2.7.1 电路交换···················································································73 
2.7.2 存储转发交换·············································································74 
2.7.3 光交换······················································································77 
本章小结 ·································································································.79 
思考与练习 ······························································································.80 
拓展阅读 ·································································································.81 
第 3 章 数据链路控制 ·····················································································.82 
3.1 数据链路层的基本概念 ········································································.82 
3.1.1 数据链路层的功能·······································································82 
3.1.2 数据链路层提供的服务·································································83 
3.2 帧与帧同步技术 ·················································································.84 
3.2.1 帧的基本格式·············································································84 
3.2.2 帧同步方法················································································85 
3.3 差错检测和纠错技术 ···········································································.87 
3.3.1 奇偶校验···················································································87 
3.3.2 循环冗余校验·············································································88 
3.3.3 校验和······················································································90 
3.4 数据链路控制机制 ··············································································.91 
3.4.1 滑动窗口机制·············································································91 
3.4.2 停止等待式 ARQ 协议 ··································································93 
3.4.3 后退 N 帧式 ARQ 协议 ·································································98 
3.4.4 选择重传式 ARQ 协议 ··································································99 
3.5 数据链路协议····················································································101 
3.5.1 点到点协议···············································································101 
3.5.2 数据链路协议实例······································································104 
本章小结·································································································107 
思考与练习······························································································108 
拓展阅读·································································································108 
第 4 章 局域网······························································································109 
4.1 局域网概述·······················································································109 
4.1.1 局域网的基本概念······································································109 
4.1.2 IEEE 802 局域网标准系列····························································111 
4.1.3 IEEE 802 局域网的体系结构·························································112 
4.2 以太网工作原理················································································.116 
4.2.1 IEEE 802.3 的帧格式···································································116 
4.2.2 以太网介质访问控制（MAC）方法················································117 
4.3 高速以太网技术·················································································121 
4.3.1 快速以太网···············································································121 
4.3.2 千兆以太网···············································································124 
4.3.3 万兆以太网···············································································128 
4.4 交换机及其配置·················································································133 
4.4.1 以太网交换机············································································133 
4.4.2 交换机的基本配置······································································136 
4.4.3 交换机的端口配置······································································139 
4.5 虚拟局域网（VLAN） ········································································142 
4.5.1 VLAN 的基本概念 ·····································································142 
4.5.2 VLAN 技术原理 ········································································143 
4.5.3 VLAN 的实现 ···········································································146 
4.5.4 交换机的 VLAN 配置··································································147 
4.6 无线局域网（WLAN）········································································150 
4.6.1 WLAN 组成结构········································································150 
4.6.2 WLAN 帧结构···········································································151 
4.6.3 IEEE 802.11 MAC 协议································································153 
4.6.4 无线个域网···············································································155 
本章小结·································································································157 
思考与练习······························································································158 
拓展阅读·································································································158 
第 5 章 网络互连及其协议···············································································159 
5.1 网络互连概述····················································································159 
5.1.1 何谓网络互连··········································································.159 
5.1.2 网络互连的类型及层次······························································.162 
5.1.3 网络层服务模型·······································································.163 
5.2 第 4 版互联网协议（IPv4） ································································.165 
5.2.1 IPv4 数据报格式 ······································································.165 
5.2.2 IPv4 地址················································································.170 
5.2.3 IP 子网划分·············································································.173 
5.2.4 无类别域间路由·······································································.177 
5.2.5 地址解析················································································.179 
5.3 差错报告和控制机制 ·········································································.182 
5.3.1 ICMP 报文格式········································································.182 
5.3.2 ICMP 差错报告报文··································································.183 
5.3.3 ICMP 查询报文········································································.185 
5.4 IP 数据报转发··················································································.187 
5.4.1 IP 数据报转发处理过程 ·····························································.187 
5.4.2 IP 路由表················································································.188 
5.4.3 IP 数据报转发算法 ···································································.190 
5.5 IP 组播和 IGMP················································································.195 
5.5.1 IP 组播···················································································.195 
5.5.2 互联网组管理协议（IGMP） ······················································.197 
5.6 第 6 版互联网协议（IPv6） ································································.200 
5.6.1 IPv6 编址················································································.200 
5.6.2 IPv6 数据报格式 ······································································.205 
5.7 网络地址转换（NAT） ······································································.208 
5.7.1 基本网络地址转换（Basic NAT）·················································.208 
5.7.2 网络地址端口转换（NAPT）······················································.209 
本章小结 ·······························································································.209 
思考与练习 ····························································································.210 
拓展阅读 ·······························································································.212 
第 6 章 路由技术 ·························································································.213 
6.1 路由的基本概念 ···············································································.213 
6.1.1 何谓路由················································································.213 
6.1.2 路由选择算法··········································································.216 
6.2 路由信息协议（RIP） ·······································································.221 
6.3 开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议·························································.223 
6.4 边界网关协议（BGP） ······································································.227 
6.5 路由器及其配置 ···············································································.231 
6.5.1 路由器的工作原理及构成 ····························································231 
6.5.2 路由器的配置环境······································································234 
6.5.3 路由器的基本配置······································································239 
6.5.4 动态路由协议配置······································································244 
6.6 路由优化··························································································249 
6.6.1 路由重分发···············································································250 
6.6.2 路由过滤··················································································254 
6.6.3 策略路由··················································································257 
6.7 多协议标签交换（MPLS）···································································261 
6.7.1 MPLS 的基本概念······································································261 
6.7.2 MPLS 的工作原理······································································262 
本章小结·································································································263 
思考与练习······························································································264 
拓展阅读·································································································265 
第 7 章 网络传输服务·····················································································266 
7.1 传输层概述·······················································································266 
7.1.1 传输层的位置············································································266 
7.1.2 传输层的基本功能······································································266 
7.1.3 传输层提供的服务······································································268 
7.2 进程间通信·······················································································271 
7.2.1 端口及其作用············································································272 
7.2.2 传输层的复用与解复用 ·······························································275 
7.3 传输控制协议····················································································277 
7.3.1 TCP 概述 ·················································································277 
7.3.2 TCP 报文格式 ···········································································280 
7.3.3 TCP 连接管理 ···········································································284 
7.3.4 TCP 流量控制 ···········································································288 
7.3.5 TCP 定时管理 ···········································································290 
7.3.6 TCP 拥塞控制 ···········································································292 
7.4 用户数据报协议·················································································296 
7.4.1 UDP 概述·················································································296 
7.4.2 UDP 数据报格式········································································296 
7.4.3 UDP 校验和··············································································297 
7.5 Socket API 编程 ·················································································299 
7.5.1 Socket API 的基本函数及其功能 ····················································299 
7.5.2 Socket API 编程示例 ·········································································301 
本章小结·································································································304 
思考与练习 ····························································································.305 
拓展阅读 ·······························································································.305 
第 8 章 网络应用及其协议·············································································.306 
8.1 网络应用概述 ··················································································.306 
8.1.1 应用层的地位和作用·································································.306 
8.1.2 网络应用模式··········································································.307 
8.1.3 应用层协议·············································································.311 
8.2 Web 服务与 HTTP ·············································································.312 
8.2.1 Web 服务工作原理····································································.312 
8.2.2 统一资源定位器·······································································.315 
8.2.3 超文本传输协议（HTTP） ·························································.316 
8.3 文件传输与远程文件访问 ···································································.324 
8.3.1 文件传输协议··········································································.325 
8.3.2 简单文件传输协议····································································.327 
8.3.3 Telnet 协议··············································································.328 
8.4 电子邮件及其传输 ············································································.329 
8.4.1 电子邮件系统··········································································.329 
8.4.2 电子邮件报文格式和 MIME ························································.332 
8.4.3 SMTP 邮件传输 ·······································································.334 
8.4.4 邮件读取协议··········································································.337 
8.5 域名系统 ························································································.339 
8.5.1 域名的分层结构·······································································.340 
8.5.2 DNS 的工作机制 ······································································.342 
8.6 动态主机配置协议 ············································································.347 
8.6.1 DHCP 报文格式 ·······································································.347 
8.6.2 简单网络管理协议（SNMP）······················································.348 
本章小结 ·······························································································.350 
思考与练习 ····························································································.351 
拓展阅读 ·······························································································.352 
第 9 章 网络安全基础 ···················································································.353 
9.1 网络安全概述 ··················································································.353 
9.1.1 基本概念················································································.353 
9.1.2 安全威胁················································································.356 
9.1.3 关键技术················································································.357 
9.1.4 安全模型················································································.358 
9.2 密码学基础 ·····················································································.359 
9.2.1 密码学基本思想及方法······························································.359 
9.2.2 密码系统的构成·········································································361 
9.2.3 现代密码体制············································································362 
9.2.4 消息认证和数字签名 ··································································366 
9.2.5 国家商用密码算法简介 ·······························································371 
9.3 网络安全应用····················································································372 
9.3.1 IPSec 协议················································································372 
9.3.2 虚拟专用网络············································································376 
9.3.3 Web 安全 ·················································································379 
9.4 网络攻击与防御技术···········································································383 
9.4.1 网络攻击技术············································································383 
9.4.2 网络防御技术············································································387 
9.4.3 防火墙技术···············································································388 
9.4.4 入侵检测技术············································································394 
本章小结·································································································400 
思考与练习······························································································400 
拓展阅读·································································································401 
第 10 章 新一代信息网络技术 ··········································································402 
10.1 信息网络新形态 ···············································································402 
10.1.1 物联网与智能物联网·································································402 
10.1.2 云计算与云智算网络·································································404 
10.1.3 区块链 ···················································································407 
10.2 SDN/NFV························································································410 
10.2.1 软件定义网络（SDN）······························································410 
10.2.2 网络功能虚拟化（NFV）···························································413 
10.3 互联网未来的发展 ············································································415 
10.3.1 人工智能与互联网的深度融合·····················································415 
10.3.2 量子通信网络 ··········································································417 
10.3.3 下一代无线局域网和移动通信·····················································420 
本章小结·································································································421 
思考与练习······························································································421 
拓展阅读·································································································421 
参考文献·······································································································422

前 言 
随着计算机网络技术的飞速发展，互联网已成为信息社会的基础设施，备受人们的关注，成为信息科学领域的研究热点。《计算机网络原理与技术》自 2005 年 7 月第 1 版、2012 年 6月第 2 版、2017 年 5 月第 3 版出版发行以来，一直受到广大读者的认可与好评。为更好地适应“计算机网络”课程教学及专业建设需要，在第 3 版的基础上，采用“纸质教材+数字资源”融合的呈现方式，进行了全面修订。
在本次修订中，考虑到当代计算机网络技术的发展变化，本书在保持第 3 版编写特色的基础上，对其内容进行了调整、增补和修改。本次修订以计算机网络体系结构为总纲，侧重于 TCP/IP 协议体系、基本原理及实际应用。全书共 10 章，涵盖了计算机网络的核心知识点，第 1 章阐释了计算机网络通信的基本概念和 TCP/IP 协议体系结构；第 2 章至第 8 章分别讨论了物理层通信、数据链路控制、局域网、网络互连及其协议、路由技术、网络传输服务、网络应用及其协议；第 9 章讨论了网络安全问题；第 10 章介绍了新一代信息网络技术，包括信息网络的新形态以及一些前沿热点技术。为助力开展线上线下同步教学，本书配置了拓展阅读、知识图谱、实验指导书、教学课件等数字资源。
本书第 4 版进一步彰显了理论性、创新性和应用性等鲜明特色，并有机融入了课程思想政治教育。本书内容丰富，全面深入，取材新颖，嵌入了许多行业企业网络工程案例，通过产教融合形成了“理论奠基→技术进阶→工程赋能”三位一体的知识体系。在文字叙述上由浅入深、循序渐进；概念描述准确，理论阐释透彻，凝练出备考硕士研究生的必备知识点。
本书适用范围较广，既可以作为电子信息、计算机等大类专业的教材，也可作为研究生教学参考书，同时可供从事网络工程的科技人员和网络爱好者参考使用。本次修订是江苏省首批一流本科课程建设项目的成果。全书由刘化君统编定稿；杨伟博执笔修订第 1 章、第 2 章、第 10 章并负责数字资源的建设等工作；周常执笔修订第 3 章、第 4 章，撰写 4.3.3 节、4.6.4 节、10.2 节等；姜男澜执笔修订第 5 章、第 6 章、第 7 章，撰写 5.7 节、6.6 节、10.3 节等；穆秀峰执笔修订第 8 章，撰写 8.3.3 节、8.6.2 节并与南京乾联科技有限公司合作编写实验指导书等数字资源；郭丽红执笔撰写第 9 章等。在撰写过程中，参考了许多中外科技文献，吸纳了信息科学领域较新的许多研究成果及技术，同时得到了许多同仁的大力支持，在此一并表示衷心感谢！ 
计算机网络仍在迅速发展，应用领域不断拓宽，囿于作者的理论水平和实践经验，书中可能仍存在不妥或疏漏之处，恳请广大读者批评斧正，以便改进。
编 著 者 
2025 年 4 月

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